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1. Marbury v. Madison (1803)

• Outcome/Precedent: Established the principle of judicial review, allowing the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.

• Vote: 4-0

2. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

• Outcome/Precedent: Ruled that African Americans were not citizens and could not sue in federal court; declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.

• Vote: 7-2

3. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

• Outcome/Precedent: Affirmed the supremacy of federal laws over state laws and upheld the constitutionality of the national bank.

• Vote: 7-0

4. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

• Outcome/Precedent: Established the “separate but equal” doctrine, upholding racial segregation.

• Vote: 7-1

5. Schenck v. United States (1919)

• Outcome/Precedent: Established the “clear and present danger” test for limiting free speech during wartime.

• Vote: 9-0

6. Korematsu v. United States (1944)

• Outcome/Precedent: Upheld the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II as a wartime necessity.

• Vote: 6-3

7. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

• Outcome/Precedent: Declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson.

• Vote: 9-0

8. Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

• Outcome/Precedent: Applied the exclusionary rule to the states, meaning illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court.

• Vote: 6-3

9. Baker v. Carr (1962)

• Outcome/Precedent: Established the principle of “one person, one vote,” allowing federal courts to hear redistricting cases.

• Vote: 6-2

10. Engel v. Vitale (1962)

• Outcome/Precedent: Ruled that official school prayers violated the First Amendment’s establishment clause.

• Vote: 6-1

11. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

• Outcome/Precedent: Guaranteed the right to an attorney for defendants in criminal cases under the Sixth Amendment.

• Vote: 9-0

12. Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

• Outcome/Precedent: Established the Miranda rights, requiring police to inform suspects of their rights during arrest.

• Vote: 5-4

13. Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

• Outcome/Precedent: Protected students’ First Amendment rights to free speech in schools as long as it doesn’t disrupt learning.

• Vote: 7-2

New York Times v. US (1971)

• Outcome/Precedent: Strengthened freedom of the press, ruling that prior restraint (government censorship) is unconstitutional without overwhelming justification.

• Vote: 6-3

2. Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

• Outcome/Precedent: Ruled that requiring Amish children to attend school beyond the 8th grade violated the First Amendment’s free exercise of religion.

• Vote: 7-0

3. US v. Nixon (1974)

• Outcome/Precedent: Limited executive privilege; ruled that President Nixon must hand over tapes during the Watergate scandal.

• Vote: 8-0

4. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)

• Outcome/Precedent: Ruled that racial quotas in college admissions are unconstitutional, but race can be considered as a factor.

• Vote: 5-4

5. New Jersey v. TLO (1985)

• Outcome/Precedent: Established that schools only need “reasonable suspicion” (not probable cause) to search students.

• Vote: 6-3

6. Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988)

• Outcome/Precedent: Ruled that schools can censor student newspapers if the content is inconsistent with the school’s educational mission.

• Vote: 5-3

7. Texas v. Johnson (1989)

• Outcome/Precedent: Declared that burning the American flag is protected free speech under the First Amendment.

• Vote: 5-4

8. Shaw v. Reno (1993)

• Outcome/Precedent: Ruled that racial gerrymandering must be held to strict scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause.

• Vote: 5-4

9. US v. Lopez (1995)

• Outcome/Precedent: Limited Congress’s power under the Commerce Clause; struck down a federal law banning guns in school zones.

• Vote: 5-4

10. Bush v. Gore (2000)

• Outcome/Precedent: Ended the Florida recount in the 2000 presidential election, effectively awarding the presidency to George W. Bush.

• Vote: 5-4

11. DC v. Heller (2008)

• Outcome/Precedent: Affirmed an individual’s right to possess firearms under the Second Amendment.

• Vote: 5-4

12. Citizens United v. FEC (2010)

• Outcome/Precedent: Ruled that political spending by corporations and unions is protected speech under the First Amendment.

• Vote: 5-4