General Education Review Program for LET Takers

General Education Notes

Vocabulary and Word Meaning

• Carnal: Relating to bodily pleasures and appetites. Opposite of spiritual.

  • Example: "You should be ashamed of yourself for having such CARNAL desires."

• Loquacious: Full of excessive talk; very talkative.

  • Example: "We listened to a LOQUACIOUS speaker."

• Apocalyptic: Describing or predicting widespread destruction and disastrous events, often associated with the end of the world.

  • Linked to a lecture about a serious natural disaster in case of a "big earthquake."

• Prophetic: Accurately describing or predicting what will happen in the future.

• Profanity: Offensive language; obscenity.

  • Example: "Because of PROFANITY, the program was suspended from television."

• Voracious: Excessively eager or having a great appetite for something, such as reading.

  • Example: "Inah would read any book or magazine she could lay her hands on… She is such a reader."

• Rancor: Bitter, deep-seated ill will or resentment.

  • Example: "Even when her friends betray her, Vanessa bears no rancor in her heart."

• Moral: Concerned with principles of right and wrong behavior.

  • Example: "The lesson of the story is that honesty is the best policy."

• Transmuted: Changed or altered in form, appearance, or nature.

  • Example: "The figures must be TRANSMUTED to understand the grade."

• Prophecy: A statement that something will happen in the future; a prediction.

• Prophet: One who utters divinely inspired revelations or predictions.

• Baduy: Off-fashion or of bad taste; awkward looking.

Reasoning and Logic

• Sound Decision: A smart, logical, and reasonable decision achieved by assessing several factors.

• Negative Prefixes: Prefixes such as a-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, non-, and un- are added to nouns, adjectives, and verbs to make them negative.

Grammar and Sentence Structure

• First Conditional Sentences: Used to express situations in which the outcome is likely (but not guaranteed) to happen in the future.

  • Structure: If + simple present tense, simple future tense (will + base form of verb).

  • Example: "If you learn to swim, you will go on this trip."

• Possessive Pronouns and Determiners:

  • Possessive determiners (my, your, his, her, its, our, their, one’s) are used before a noun.

  • Possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs, one’s) are used in place of a noun.

  • Table of Personal Pronouns, Possessive Determiners, and Possessive Pronouns:

    • I - My - Mine

    • You - Your - Yours

    • He - His - His

    • She - Her - Hers

    • It - Its - Its

    • We - Our - Ours

    • They - Their - Theirs

    • One - One’s - One’s

• Third Conditional Sentences: Used to explain how present circumstances would be different if something different had happened in the past.

  • Structure: If + past perfect (had + past participle), modal auxiliary (would, could, should, etc.) + have + past participle.

  • Example: "If I had known you before, we could have arranged a joint project."

• Subject-Verb Agreement:

  • Use "have" with pronouns I/You/We/They and plural nouns.

  • Use "has" with pronouns He/She/It/Who and singular nouns.

• Mixed Conditional Sentences: Refer to different times in the 'if' clause and the main clause.

  • Form: If + past perfect, present conditional.

  • Example: "If you had come with us last night, you would have enjoyed the dance."

  • Refers to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present.

• Simple Past Tense: Used to talk about a completed action in a time before now.

Philippine History and Culture

• Frailocracia: Term given by Marcelo H. del Pilar to the hidden control and domination by Spanish religious priests over the colonial government.

• Gobernadorcillo: During the 17th-18th century Hispanic era, the highest post a native or Chinese mestizo could attain at the municipal level, equivalent to mayors today.

• Polo y Servicio: Forced labor for forty days obligated to native and Chinese male mestizos 16-60 years old during the Hispanic era.

  • Exemption could be made by paying the falla (exemption fee).

• Ramon Magsaysay: Philippine president known as “the man of the masses.”

• Constitution of the Philippines: The supreme law of the Republic of the Philippines, ratified on February 2, 1987.

• Napoleon Abueva: A Filipino artist and sculptor known as the "Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture” and a National Artist for Sculpture.

• Jones Law (1916): Contained the concrete promise of the Americans to Filipinos independence “as soon as stable government can be established.”

World Geography and Demographics

• Largest Population: In 2022, India overtook China as the country with the largest population in the world, now having more than 1.44 billion people.

Law and Governance

• Writ of Habeas Data: The right invoked is the right to information privacy.

• Constitution: The fundamental law of the Philippines.

• Utilitarianism: The economic policy that a good action is one that helps the greatest number of people.

• Monopoly: Complete control of the entire supply of goods or a service in a certain area or market.

• Mercantilism: An economic policy in the 16th century in Europe that influenced Spain’s expansionist policy to discover new lands. The goal is to enrich and empower the nation by acquiring and retaining economic activity within its borders.

• Asia: The largest continent on earth, covering about 9% of the earth’s surface, and the most populated.

• Last Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines: Diego de los Rios.

Taxation

• Income Tax: Tax imposed on all employed and practicing professionals.

Political Philosophy

• Meritocracy: A political philosophy holding that power should be vested in individuals based on ability and talent.

• Check and Balance: A constitutional safeguard that prevents one branch of government from becoming too powerful or abusive by vesting in each branch the right to amend or void the acts of another.

Philippine Revolution

• Andres Bonifacio: Husband of Gregoria de Jesus, charged with treason by fellow Filipinos in the Philippine Revolutionary force.

Arts and Culture

• NCCA (National Commission for Culture and the Arts): The agency tasked to nurture Philippine Arts.

Mathematics

• 5 \frac{3}{4} - 3 \frac{7}{8} = 1 \frac{7}{8}

  • Convert mixed fractions to improper fractions: 5 \frac{3}{4} = \frac{23}{4} and 3 \frac{7}{8} = \frac{31}{8}

  • Get the LCD (Least Common Denominator) and perform subtraction: \frac{23}{4} - \frac{31}{8} = \frac{46-31}{8} = \frac{15}{8} = 1 \frac{7}{8}

• What is 30% of 65 as a percentage of 120?

  • \frac{65 * 0.30}{120} = 0.1625 * 100\% = 16.25\%

• What are the factors of 65x^3 - 35x^2 + 5x?

  • Divide the expression by the common factor: \frac{65x^3 - 35x^2 + 5x}{5x} = 13x^2 - 7x + 1

  • Therefore, the factors are 5x(13x^2 - 7x + 1)

• If a 25-hectare farm produces 350 cavans of palay, how many cavans can a 60-hectare land produce?

  • Ratios of land area to the number of cavans: 25: 350 = 60: x

  • 25x = 21000

  • \frac{25x}{25} = \frac{21000}{25}

  • x = 840

• How many square feet of paper would be needed to cover a box with length 5 feet, width 3 feet, and height 1.5 feet?

  • Covering = Total Surface Area (TSA)

  • TSA = 2(lw + wh + lh) = 2(15 + 4.5 + 7.5) = 54

• A company issues a 3-letter security code where each letter can be used only once. How many distinct codes can be generated?

  • There are 26 letters in the English alphabet. By the multiplication rules, the number of security codes is (26)(25)(24) = 15,600

• A 3-feet high tree casts a shadow 4 feet long. Another tree casts a 24-feet shadow. If the heights and shadows are in proportion, how high is the second tree?

  • Ratio of the tree height to shadow length: 3: 4 = x: 24

  • 4x = 72

  • x = 18

• A community covers 300 hectares of land. \frac{1}{8} of the land was reserved for common areas, and the rest for residences. How many hectares were used for residences?

  • 1 - \frac{1}{8} = \frac{7}{8} (fraction of land for residence)

  • \frac{7}{8} * 300 = 262.5 (Residential Area)

• When a man died, he left a large tract of land to his wife and five children. How large is the share of the wife if the total land area is 66 hectares?

  • \frac{66}{6} = 11 (Five children and wife will make six heirs)

• A student's report card shows the following grades: 85, 72, 80, 88, and 90. What is his average?

  • Average = \frac{85 + 72 + 80 + 88 + 90}{5} = 83

• A water pipe 10 feet long was cut into 2 pieces, with the shorter part measuring 2.5 feet. Find the ratio of the smaller part to the larger part.

  • 2.5: 7.5 = \frac{2.5}{7.5} = \frac{1}{3} = 1: 3

• A meter stick breaks into two pieces at the 36cm mark. What is the ratio of the smaller piece to the larger piece?

  • 36: 64 = \frac{36}{64} = \frac{9}{16} = 9: 16

• How many meters longer is a mile than a kilometer? There are 1.609 kilometers in a mile.

  • 1 mile = 1.609 kilometers

  • 1 kilometer = 1000 meters

  • So 1 mile - 1 km = 1.609 - 1 = 0.609 * 1000 meters = 609

• Floor tiles will be placed in a bathroom which measures 3.5 meters by 2.6 meters. How many square meters will be tiled?

  • Area = 3.5 * 2.6 = 9.1 square meters

• How much cloth is required to cover a round table whose diameter is 1.5 meters?

  • Amount of Covering = Area of the circle

  • Radius (r) is half of the diameter. \pi = 3.1416

  • Area of the Circle = \pi r^2 = 3.1416(\frac{1.5}{2})^2 = 1.767

• What is the area of a triangular piece of land which has a “base” of 940m and a “height” of 128m?

  • Area of Triangle = \frac{1}{2}bh

  • A = \frac{940 * 128}{2} = 60,160

• A bond paper is folded in half, after which it is folded again in half, and again in half. If this folding is done 5 times, how many rectangles on the original sheet of paper will there be?

  • The following shows the number between the number of folds and the number of rectangles generated:

  • Folds Rectangle

  • 1 2 = 2^1

  • 2 4 = 2^2

  • 3 8 = 2^3

  • 4 16 = 2^4

  • 5 32= 2^5

• A rectangular field is 20 meters by 12 meters. Find its perimeter.

  • Perimeter = 2l + 2w

  • P = 2(20) + 2(12) = 40 + 24 = 64

• A graduating class of 160 boys and 180 girls held a senior’s ball. Approximately what percent attended if 70% of the boys and 60% of the girls were there?

  • Boys Attendance = 160 * 0.70 = 112

  • Girls Attendance = 180 * 0.60 = 108

  • Total Attendance (in %) \frac{112 + 108}{340} = 0.6471 * 100\% = 64.71\%

• A merchant sold an item for Php 45,000, earning a profit of 15%. How much is the profit?

  • 45,000 * 0.15 = 6,750

Computer Literacy

• Network: Activity connected by a computer system.

• Ctrl + O: Used to open a document.

• E-mail: Messages easily transported anywhere in the world.

• Alt Key: Used to change (alternate) the function of other pressed keys.

• Output Device: Gaming application is not an input device.

• Password: A secret word that must be entered into a computer to get or change information.

• Command: A single phrase or word that tells the computer to do something with a program or file.

• Word processing: Used for writing a letter.

• Keyboard: Like a typewriter, a computer has a keyboard.

• Local Area Network (LAN): Links computers to base computers, making it possible to share software materials.

• Information Technology (IT): Storing, recovering, and disseminating recorded data through the computer.

• URL: Uniform Resource Locator.

• Ctrl Key: Function performed by the CTRL symbol.

• HTML: Hyper Text Mark-up Language.

• Operating System: Manages the computer’s memory and processes, as well as all of its software and hardware.

• Modem: Enables the computer to communicate with other computers over the telephone.

• Multimedia: An application program that provides users with a means to organize and present information through the use of text, numbers, graphs, sounds, and visual images.

• Ctrl + B: Used to make a text bold.

• RAM (Random-access memory): Stores frequently used instructions to increase the speed of a system.

• Line Graph: Best illustrates progress in academic grades over the fourth quarter. A line graph, also known as a line chart, is a type of chart to visualize the value of something over time.

Science

• Lever: Bones, ligaments, and muscles are the structures that form levers in the body to create human movement.

• Homeostasis: The selectivity of the membrane is mostly closely associated with its maintenance. It means keeping things constant and comes from two Greek words: ‘homeo,’ meaning ‘similar,’ and ‘stasis,’ meaning ‘stable.’

• Potato: A modified stem used for the storage of food.

• Humidity: We feel warmer just before it rains because there is an increase in relative humidity and heat is released by the condensation of water vapor.

• Prolactin: The hormone that stimulates the secretion of milk.Prolactin (PRL), also known as luteotrophic hormone or luteotropin, is a protein that in humans is best known for its role in enabling mammals, usually females, to produce milk.

• Indiscriminate cutting of trees: It loosens the soil and causes flooding, therefore, it should be avoided.

• Hinge Joint: Responsible for strengthening or bending our arms and legs.

• Ecological Organization Hierarchy: Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere.

• Hydrologic Cycle: Evaporation and condensation are the processes that must occur to complete the cycle.

• Earth's Core Composition: Iron and nickel.

• Physical Change: Butter melts (change in size, shape, and phase without changing the composition of the matter.)

• Weakest Intermolecular Force of Attraction: Gas (molecules are completely free, intermolecular spaces are very large, and intermolecular forces are very weak).

• Malleability: Gold (the capability of metals to be stretched or bent into different shapes).

• Classification of Matter: Compounds consist of two or more atoms.

• Volume: Refers to the space occupied by matter.

• Hardness: Is one of the properties of a matter and is best described as Property of a solid to resist compression.

• Electrons: A composition of atoms surrounds the nucleus and has a negative charge.

• Fault: Refers to a break or crack in the Earth’s crust.

• Focus: The place where the Earthquake starts or the origin of an Earthquake is termed.

• Philvocs: Government agencies is responsible for mapping the active faults and trenches in the Philippines.

Filipino Language and Literature

• Metatesis: A type of morphophonemic change that involves the switching of the position of phonemes in a word.

• Pagkaltas ng Ponema: This change occurs when the last vowel phoneme of the root word is lost when it is affixed.

• Synonyms: There are words that are similar that have the same meaning or the same meaning such as dropped.

• Corazon C. Aquino: Philippine president who proclaimed the creation of the Commission on the Filipino Language.

• Lathalain: A type of journalism that reports on real events based on study, research, or interviews and is written in an interesting way.

• Sarbey: A research design that investigates through questionnaires or interviews.

• Jose Rizal: He is known as the “great writer” of the propaganda movement.

• Subjective Generalization: A sweeping statement that is formed through personal taste or choice.

• Malayo-Polenesyo: Branch of origin of languages ​​in the Philippines.

• Talastasan: The exchange of ideas, opinions, and stories through messages is called.

• Neneng is the apple of Daddy's eye: Neneng is loved by her father.

• The present problem is only a storm in a teacup: Worthless.

• Walang kasintulad: It is the order of the sentence.

• Tsanel: This is the route traveled by the speaker's message.

• Kyu: The equivalent of the pronunciation of the letter Q today is.

• Bana: What word in the Filipino vocabulary is borrowed from Cebuano?

• Apostrophe or Pagtawag In which type of figure is the statement: “Fate, don't be elusive.”?

• Maingat: As number and measure when speaking the maiden.

• Kaswal: This is temporary or permanent reading. It is done if you want to pass the time.