Bryant

A. abstract class: a class that cannot instantiate (create objects from class)

• Needed bc it provides a base class with shared attributes and methods

• However, you can make instantiable subclasses.

• You can have real methods

• Intended to enforce and organize the requirements of every subclass

B. abstraction: separating implementation from use 

• The benefit of abstraction is the reduction of complexity by hiding the implementation details

C. abstract method: a method without a body  

D. accessor/getter: a method that accesses fields to get value but does not modify a class field.

E. actual parameter: value is passed through the parameter when it is called

F. aggregation:  “has-a” relationship between two classes where a class contains a reference to a class

I. ArrayList: resizable array allowing storage and manipulation of a list of objects.

J. array: an ordered list of items of the same data type 

K. binary: 0’s and 1’s algorithm begins at midpoint of range and halve the rage after each other guess

L. block: section of code enclosed in curly braces

O. Byte code: output of the java compiler javac (.class) 

P. catch block: handles/catches exceptions 

Q. checked exception: exceptions that are checked at the compile time

R. class: blueprint for building methods  

S. class contract: public methods and constants of that class  

X. concrete class  class that can be instantiated directly

Y. constructor:  involved to create an object using the new keyword

Z. constructor chaining  calling one constructor from another constructor 

AA. deep Copy  stores copies of objects value

EE. equals:  compares strings and returns true if they are equal

FF. encapsulation: information hiding & making properties private (defining getters and settlers) 

GG. event-driven programming  flow of the program determined by events

II. explicit casting  manual type casting occurs when you force the conversion of a larger data type to a smaller data type

JJ. finally clause  block of code used with try-catch to make sure code is executed regardless of exceptions

HH. Exception: an event that interrupts the normal flow of the program instructions 

LL. for loop  loop with predetermined beginning end and increment

MM. garbage collection  JVM reclaims memory and no longer is used

• Helps prevent memory leaks as objects no longer referenced or needed are removed from memory

• Focused on the heap where reference type variables, static variables, objects, instance variables, and arrays

PP. immutable  object whose state cannot be changed after it is created (ex String and Int)

QQ. implicit casting  occurs when smaller data type automatically converted to a larger data typewithout need of explicit casting (assigning a smaller data type to a larger data type)

RR. inheritance  allows a class to inherit properties and behaviors from another class

SS. Insertion sort  comparison-based sorting algorithm building the sorted array(or list) one element at a time

TT. instance  object created from a class

UU. interface  declares methods that a class must implement but does not provide method bodies

VV. interning  storing only one copy of each distinct string value, shared by all references of that string (for memory optimization)

WW. JavaFX  java library used to build rich desktop applications and gui’s

XX. JVM  allows bytecode to run without having to be recompiled

AAA. linear  linear search scans one item at a time

EEE. mutator/setter : Method used to modify encapsulated data field

FFF. no-arg  - no arguments

GGG. No Answer  void return type

HHH. null  default value assigned to reference type propeties

III. Object  grouping of data(variables) and operations that can be performed on data(methods).

JJJ. overloading: multiple methods with the same name but different signatures  

KKK. overriding  grouping data and operations that can be preformed on the data

LLL. package  used to group related classes

MMM. pass-by-reference   where formal parameter acts as an alias for actual parameter

NNN. pass-by-value invokes a method with a parameters, value of argument is passed to the parameter 

OOO. polymorphism  -  ability of an object to take on many forms. 

• It allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common type, such as their superclass or an interface. This feature enables writing more flexible and reusable code.

•  Polymorphism is achieved through method overriding and method overloading.

PPP. primitive:  build in immutable data types 8 including byte short int long float double char and boolean

QQQ. procedural programming:  programming style using a series of steps to define how a computer program behaves

RRR. private  variables that member methods can access but class users cannot

SSS. properties fields + getters/setters 

TTT. protected  access modifier meaning can be accessed in the same package and in subclasses but not non-subclass classes outside the package

UUU. public: access modifier used to declare class members have the widest possible visibility (can access from outside the package. 

VVV. reference  variable type that refers to object

WWW. runtime heap:   memory area where objects created with new are stored and managed by garbage collector

• Focused on the heap where reference type variables, objects, instance variables, and arrays

XXX. runtime stack: stores activation record at runtime last-in first out fashion

•  memory area storing method calls, local variables, and control flow (last in first out)

• References to objects

• Local variables

• Method calls

YYY. Scene  refers to a part of gui for visual elements that make up user interface of an application

ZZZ. scope  declared name is only valid in a region of code, aka scope

AAAA. Selection sort  repeatedly selecting the smallest or largest element from the unsorted portion of the list swapping it with the first unsorted elements

BBBB. Shallow copy  stores the references of the object to the original memory addresses

FFFF. static  modifier used to describe variable shared by all instances of a class

• can be used without instantiation of its class

GGGG. StringBuffer  java class represents a string that is mutable had its own methods for string modification (syncronized)

HHHH. StringBuilder  allows dynamic modification of a string w/ its own methods (unsyncronized)

LLLL. this()  reference to an object whose method or constructor is being called

MMMM. throws clause  used in method declaration to indicate that the method can throw one or more exceptions during its execution

NNNN. try block surrounds normal code and exits it a statement within ta ry block throws exception 

OOOO. UML  Unified Modeling Language illustration of class templates and objects

PPPP. VBox  layout container arranging it children in a vertical column

QQQQ. Wrapper: Built-in classes there to augment (enhance) primitive type wrapper class

• wrapper objects and Strings are immutable   

RRRR. ==  equality operator

.java (source file)  - contains human readable code defining java structure then integrated into ide

Abstract Datatype  data structure defined by its behaviors rather than its implementation 

access modifiers  - determines the visibility and accessibility of classes, methods, and variables

activation record (stack frame)  stores parameters and variables for method in the runtime stack 

Assert Operator  assert keyword used to test assumptions made by the programmer during program development

Autoboxing: primitive type to wrapper class

Unboxing:  wrapper class to primitive

behaviors   actions or operations that an object can perform 

class members  class fields and methods

compiler (javac)  translates Java source code written in .java files into bytecode that can be executed by the Java Virtual Machine

compareTo() compare two objects to determine their order  

default constructor: constructor called without any arguments

Doc Comments  /**comments ignored by jvm */

equals() vs. === 

Equality operator references memory addresses or object

equals() campares values or contents of objects(usually strings) 

formal parameter:   is a variable that is defined in the method declaration and is used to receive a value when the method is called

gps / driver /car  : classes

hardware  physical components of a computer system 

implicit parameter  refers to an object on which a method is called (this) example this.model - model

incremental development  process where programmer write,compiles, and tests a small amount of code, and then repeats

instance method  method belonging to class instance example MyClass obj = new MyClass();  obj.instanceMethod);

Javadoc  tool for generating API documentation in HTML format from Java source code

JDK  Java Develoment Kit used for developing java application 

method abstraction  hiding implementation details of a method only showing functionality

method body  block of code defining what the method does

method header  specifies the modifies, return value type, method name and parameters of the method

method signature  name and parameter list

new: a keyword that creates a new object 

no-arg constructor constructor (method that creates objects using new key word) with no arguments aka default constructor

non-static variable/field (instance variable)  

Variable declared in the class but outside any method constructor or block

Exists as long as the object exists and accessible in all methods of the class

Example - instance variable 

operating system (e.g. windows, linux, macOS)  system software that provides the environment and resources required to run java applications.

oversize array  number of elements used is less than or equal to memory allocatted

package  namespace used to organize classes, interfaces, and other types

perfect size array  where the number of elements is exactly equal to the memory allocated

primitive type (e.g. int, float, char, boolean,...)  

private helper methods  private methods to help public methods carry out tasks

property/state/fields  

Field- variable declared inside the class but outside methods used to store object attributes

Example: instance variables

Property - field and getters + setters

State- objects collective set of all its fields current values example person.name = “Alice”

reference type: all objects are reference types; reference types store memory address 

return statement   used to exit a method and optionally return a value to the caller

scope of class properties vs. scope of local variables  

Scope of class properties(instance variables) - declates outside methods but in class scope addessible throughout the class as long as the object exists

Example String color;

Scope of local variables- olny declared inside methods, constructors, or block only accessible within the block or method where they are defined

SDK   software development kit (tools and libraries that are needed for developing applications in java)

side effects  method updates a field variable and it has effects going beyond parameters and return value

static field/variable (class variable)   declared with static keyword shares across all instances of the class, belongs to the class itself not any objects of the class

static member method (or just static method)  method belonging to the class not an instance of the class, can be called without creating an object

testbench  separate program whos sole purpose is to check that a method returns correct output values for a variety of input values

test vector   unique set of input values

Local variable: variable defined within a block or method constructor

Unit Testing individually  testing small parts of a program 

user / application / computer (hw)  

void  return type that indicates the method does not return any value

Why use methods?  

• Methods allow code reusability, modular implementation,

Class implementation details of each member method

Element item in an array

Index element location in array

Ragged array array with same numbers of rows varying columns