Global Context of the Late 19th Century
The last decades of the 19th century were marked by significant national consolidation, modernization, expansion, and a widespread national awakening across the globe.
Europe:
There's notable upheaval with the emergence of new states like the German Empire and the Kingdom of Italy, both emerging from a complex backdrop of nationalism and regional conflicts after a prolonged period of stability following the Napoleonic Wars.
France experienced its fourth revolution within a century, which sparked the establishment of the Third Republic, characterized by political instability but also reforms.
Industrialization rapidly transformed many European countries, spurring economic growth and generating wealth for some, while exacerbating poverty and social issues for others, including the rise of labor movements advocating for workers' rights.
This transformation also fueled fierce competition among European powers for resources, colonies, influence, and wealth, setting the stage for imperialistic pursuits in Africa and Asia.
China:
The Qing Dynasty struggled against the tide of Western domination and was significantly challenged by internal strife, reflected in events like the Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901), where anti-foreign sentiments surged amidst foreign territorial encroachments.
The response of the Qing government was often perceived as inadequate in addressing these challenges, leading to calls for reform and modernization efforts that were, unfortunately, insufficient to counter the Western influence.
Asia:
The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885, becoming a pivotal platform for the growing nationalist sentiments in Asia, advocating for greater Indian participation in government and political rights.
The Americas:
Canada emerged from its confederation in 1867, consolidating its provinces and territories, and enhancing its connectivity through ambitious projects like transcontinental railways, which played a crucial role in its economic development and national integration.
In Latin America, the period was marked by modernization and economic expansion; however, civil unrest erupted in many nations as social tensions were exacerbated by political instability and economic inequalities, leading to various conflicts and revolutions that shaped the region's political landscape.
Countries like Mexico and Brazil experienced significant internal challenges that would later pave the way for profound social and political changes.
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