Genetically Engineered

Insulin Management in Adult-Onset Diabetes

• Regular Insulin Intake

  • Necessary for managing adult-onset diabetes

  • Taken at specific time intervals

• Insufficient Human Insulin

  • Diabetic patient's dilemma

  • Need to explore alternatives

• Insulin from Other Animals

  • Isolation and use as a substitute

  • Effectiveness compared to human insulin

  • Potential immunological response in the human body

• Bacterial Production of Human Insulin

  • Simplifying the insulin production process

  • Ability to produce large quantities easily

• Oral Administration of Insulin

  • Feasibility for diabetic individuals

  • Reasons for current limitations

• Historical Source of Insulin

  • Extraction from cattle and pigs' pancreas

  • Allergic reactions in some patients

  • Issues with foreign protein reactions

Outline: Synthesis of Insulin and its Production using rDNA Techniques

• Structure of Insulin

  • Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains: chain A and chain B

  • Chains are linked together by disulphide bridges

• Insulin Synthesis in Mammals

  • In mammals, including humans, insulin is synthesized as a pro-hormone

  • Pro-hormone contains an extra stretch called the C peptide

  • C peptide is removed during maturation into insulin

• Challenges in Insulin Production

  • Main challenge: Getting insulin assembled into a mature form

  • Eli Lilly in 1983 prepared DNA sequences for A and B chains of human insulin

  • DNA sequences were introduced into E. coli plasmids to produce insulin chains

• Production Process

  • Chains A and B were produced separately

  • Extracted chains were combined by creating disulfide bonds

  • Result: Formation of human insulin