Botany exam 2

Here are the questions turned into flashcards with concise answers. Let me know if you'd like any adjustments!

---

### Lecture 17: Development

Q: What are the parts of a seed and their functions?

A: Seed coat (protection), embryo (growth), cotyledons (nutrients), endosperm (food).

Q: What do RAM and SAM do in plants?

A: RAM and SAM support primary root and shoot growth.

Q: Define "meristem."

A: Region of active plant cell division, enabling growth.

Q: Define "senescence."

A: The process of aging and death in plant tissues.

---

### Lecture 18: Roots

Q: What are the regions of a root and their functions?

A: Root cap (protection), cell division, elongation, and maturation.

Q: How does the root cap relate to gravity sensing?

A: It detects gravity, guiding roots downward.

Q: How do roots grow via the root apical meristem?

A: Root apical meristem continuously forms new cells for growth.

Q: What is the anatomy of a root?

A: Epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular cylinder, and pith.

Q: How are lateral roots formed?

A: They develop from the pericycle in mature roots.

---

### Lecture 19: Stems

Q: Describe the node and internode pattern in stems.

A: Nodes hold leaves; internodes are spaces between nodes.

Q: What is the role of the shoot apical meristem in stems?

A: It drives primary growth of the stem.

Q: Differences between monocot and dicot stem anatomy?

A: Monocots: scattered bundles; dicots: ringed bundles.

Q: What are the main structures in stem anatomy?

A: Epidermis, cortex, vascular bundles, xylem, phloem, pith.

---

### Lecture 20: Leaves

Q: How are leaves formed by the SAM?

A: SAM produces leaf primordia for leaf development.

Q: What are types of leaf arrangement and venation?

A: Alternate, opposite, whorled; venation: parallel, reticulate.

Q: What are simple vs. compound leaves?

A: Simple: one blade; compound: multiple leaflets per leaf.

Q: What is the function of stomata?

A: They control gas exchange and water loss.

Q: Describe internal leaf anatomy.

A: Vascular bundles and mesophyll layers (spongy, palisade).

---

### Lecture 21: Secondary Growth

Q: What is the role of xylem and phloem?

A: Xylem transports water; phloem transports nutrients.

Q: What do vascular cambium and cork cambium produce?

A: Vascular: secondary xylem/phloem; cork: protective bark.

Q: How can growth rings determine stem age?

A: Annual rings indicate years of growth in woody stems.

Q: What are the layers of bark, living and dead?

A: Living inner bark; dead outer layers.

---

### Lecture 22: Modifications

Q: Define tendril and aerial roots.

A: Tendrils support; aerial roots absorb moisture from the air.

Q: How does light affect leaf structure?

A: Light availability influences leaf thickness and orientation.

Q: Difference between spines, prickles, and thorns?

A: Spines: modified leaves; prickles: epidermal; thorns: modified stems.

---

### Lecture 23: Water Movement

Q: What is the Cohesion-Tension Theory?

A: Theory that water moves up xylem via cohesion, adhesion, tension.

Q: Define transpiration and cavitation.

A: Transpiration: water loss via leaves; cavitation: air bubble formation.

Q: How does phloem transport photosynthesis products?

A: Moves sugars from source (leaf) to sink (root/fruit).

---

### Lecture 24: Respiration and Photosynthesis

Q: What processes do plants perform?

A: Plants perform respiration and photosynthesis.

Q: Key steps and products of respiration and photosynthesis?

A: Respiration: energy release; photosynthesis: sugar and oxygen production.

Q: Why are leaves green?

A: Chlorophyll absorbs red/blue light, reflecting green.

---

### Lecture 25: Nutrients

Q: What are the six mineral macronutrients?

A: Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur.

Q: Define mobile and immobile nutrients.

A: Mobile moves within plant; immobile stays in place.

---

### Lecture 26: Movement and Behavior

Q: How do plants respond to the environment?

A: Plants adapt via growth and movement responses.

Q: How does auxin affect directional growth?

A: Auxin promotes growth towards light (phototropism).

Q: How do plants move through growth and turgor pressure?

A: Growth and cell expansion alter plant position.

Q: Define phototropism, gravitropism, thigmotropism, and photoperiodism.

A: Growth toward light, gravity, touch; response to day length.

---

### Lecture 27: Defenses

Q: What are warning signs of a plant's chemical defenses?

A: Bitter taste, strong smell, or toxicity to herbivores.