GRADE 10 HISTORY REVIEW

1. Introduction to History

• Why study history? Helps us understand the past but has challenges like distortion, bias, fragmentation, and perception.

• Primary vs. Secondary Sources:

• Primary Source – Firsthand evidence (e.g., letters, photos).

• Secondary Source – Interpretation of events (e.g., textbooks).

• Four Historical Thinking Concepts:

1. Historical Significance – Why an event or person matters.

2. Cause and Consequence – What led to an event and its impact.

3. Continuity and Change – What has stayed the same or changed over time.

4. Perspective Taking – Understanding different viewpoints.

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2. Life in the 1900s

• Technological Advances: Electricity, automobiles, and telephones changed daily life.

• Immigration to Canada:

• Pull factors – Jobs, land, better opportunities.

• Discrimination – Not all groups were welcomed equally.

• Major Influences on Canadians: Urbanization, women’s suffrage, and industrial growth.

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3. Causes of WWI

• M.A.I.N Causes:

1. Militarism – Building strong armies and weapons, increasing tensions.

2. Alliances – Countries forming agreements to support each other in war.

3. Imperialism – Competition for land and resources.

4. Nationalism – Extreme pride in one’s country, leading to conflicts.

• Trigger Event:

• Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to Austria-Hungary) was assassinated on June 28, 1914 by a Serbian nationalist.

• This led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, triggering alliances and starting WWI.

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4. Trench Warfare

• Schlieffen Plan: Germany’s strategy to quickly defeat France and then fight Russia. It failed, leading to a long war.

• Life in the Trenches:

• Harsh conditions – Mud, rats, disease, and constant shelling.

• Trench foot – Painful infection caused by wet conditions.

• Shrapnel – Deadly metal fragments from explosions.

• No Man’s Land – Dangerous space between enemy trenches.

• Over the Top – When soldiers left their trenches to attack.

• Creeping Barrage: Artillery fire moved forward in stages to protect advancing soldiers.

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5. Major WWI Battles

• Ypres (1915): First use of poison gas.

• Somme (1916): High casualties, tanks first used.

• Vimy Ridge (1917): Canada’s major victory, gained national pride.

• Passchendaele (1917): Muddy, brutal battle with high losses.

• Last 100 Days: Canada’s key role in ending WWI.

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6. War in Air & Sea

• Air Warfare:

• Used for reconnaissance, bombing, and dogfights.

• Billy Bishop – Canada’s top flying ace.

• War at Sea:

• U-Boats: German submarines sinking ships.

• Lusitania Sinking (1915): Angered the USA, pushing them toward war.

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7. Weapons of WWI

• Machine Guns: Powerful but heavy.

• Tanks: Broke trenches but were slow.

• Poison Gas: Deadly but unpredictable.

• Submarines (U-Boats): Effective but vulnerable.

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8. Minorities in WWI

• Discrimination: Indigenous, Black, and other minority soldiers faced racism but still fought bravely.

• Notable Indigenous Soldiers:

• Francis Pegahmagabow – Most decorated Indigenous soldier, skilled sniper.

• Henry Norwest – Métis sniper with 115 confirmed kills.

• War Measures Act: Allowed the government to detain people suspected of being enemies.

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9. War at Home

• Women’s Role: Worked in factories, as nurses, and supported the war effort.

• Rationing: Controlled use of food and supplies.

• Propaganda: Posters and media used to encourage enlistment and support.

• Conscription Crisis: French Canadians opposed forced military service.

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10. Russia & USA in WWI

• Russian Revolution (1917): Russia withdrew from the war.

• USA Entry (1917): Helped turn the war in favor of the Allies.

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11. Treaty of Versailles (1919)

• Blamed Germany – Forced to pay reparations and reduce its military.

• Impact on Canada: Gained more independence in global affairs.