A.3.2.Benefits to health of being active SL

Page 1: Benefits to Health of Being Active

• Physical Activity Variability

  • Healthy levels of activity fluctuate based on age and sex.

• Energy Balance Components

  • Include energy intake, consumption, and storage.

• Effects on the Body

  • Physical activity impacts muscular and immune systems positively or negatively.

• Risk Reduction

  • Reduces risks associated with:

    • Osteoporosis

    • Obesity

    • Hypertension

    • Cardiovascular diseases

    • Type 2 diabetes

• A.3.2.1

  • An active lifestyle supports physical well-being.

Page 2: Guiding Question

• Discussion Topic

  • Impact of industrial and technological revolutions on physical well-being.

• Key Points

  • Connection between physical activity levels and hypokinetic diseases.

Page 3: Brainstorming Benefits of an Active Lifestyle

• Open Discussion

  • Engage partner in brainstorming known benefits of physical activity.

• Consideration

  • Explore variations in healthy activity levels across different individuals.

Page 4: Benefits of Regular Physical Activity

• Health Benefits

  • Prevent and manage non-communicable diseases (e.g., heart disease, stroke, Type 2 diabetes, various cancers).

  • Maintain healthy body weight and mitigate obesity risk.

  • Improve mental health and overall well-being.

  • Enhance cognitive functioning.

  • Improve sleep quality; alleviate depression and anxiety symptoms.

  • Increase balance, particularly among older adults, reducing fall risks.

  • Support bone health.

• Additional Resources

  • Watch related video and note benefits in the provided worksheet.

Page 5: Influences on Physical Activity Levels

• Key Factors

  • Age

  • Gender

  • Health status

  • Environmental conditions

• Activity

  • Complete the workbook table regarding influences on physical activity and consider other potential factors for different demographics.

Page 6: Exercise and the Immune System

• Function of the Immune System

  • Provides defense mechanisms against foreign substances.

• Pathogen Definition

  • Microorganisms that cause diseases; face immediate immune response upon entering the body.

Page 7: Positive and Negative Effects of Exercise on Immunity

• Exercise Duration and Intensity

  • Short, moderate-vigorous exercise (up to 45 minutes) is beneficial for immunity and may lower respiratory infection risk.

  • Long, intense exercise (> 2 hours) can lead to immunosuppression.

• Discussion Prompt

  • Consider reasons why prolonged, intense exercise may compromise immune function.

Page 8: Exercise-Induced Immune Response

• Intense Exercise Effects

  • Can lead to tissue damage mimicking infection symptoms:

    • Increased leukocyte levels (dependent on duration/intensity).

    • Inflammation response.

• Prolonged Stress Effects

  • High training loads can reduce innate and adaptive immune functions due to sustained cortisol and adrenaline increases.

  • Lower leukocyte counts in athletes compared to sedentary individuals leads to higher infection susceptibility from:

    • Stress of exercise

    • Inflammation following muscle damage

    • Exposure to pathogens from increased breathing rates.

Page 9: Stress and Immune System Responses

• Fight or Flight Response

  • Heightened immune reaction to injury risk during stress.

• Indicators of Stress Intensity

  • Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and levels of stress hormones.

• Leukocyte Behavior

  • Movement towards skin and organs, reducing blood leukocyte count but enhancing localized immune response.

• Stress Types

  • Acute (short-term)

  • Chronic (long-term)

Page 10: Risks to Athlete's Immune Systems

• Key Risk Factors for URTIs

  • Upper Respiratory Tract Infections exacerbated by:

    • Intensive training

    • Long-haul travel

    • Low nutritional energy availability

    • High psychological stress levels

    • Sleep deprivation

    • Environmental extremes.

Page 11: J-Curve Model for Immune Response

• Model Illustration

  • Moderate exercise lowers URTI risk compared to sedentary individuals.

  • Extensive, intense training raises infection risk.

Page 12: S-Shaped Curve for Elite Athletes

• Concept

  • Elite athletes may enhance their immune response without increasing URTI risk due to planned training phases.

• Recovery Importance

  • Adequate recovery prevents immunosuppression.

Page 13: Open Window Model of Immunity

• Understanding the Open Window

  • Following intense exercise phases, athletes exhibit increased infection susceptibility for a short window (1-72 hours) if recovery is inadequate.

Page 14: Recommendations for Athlete's Immune Health

• Task

  • Use page 181 of the textbook to suggest strategies for maintaining immune health among athletes.

Page 15: Hypokinetic Diseases Overview

• Definition

  • Diseases associated with insufficient physical activity (hypokinetic = below normal activity).

• Examples

  • Similar terms include hypothermia and hypodermic.

Page 16: Societal Changes and Hypokinetic Diseases

• Issues Raised

  • Increased traffic impacts walking habits (real-life scenario problem).

  • Career choices and social interactions may promote sedentary lifestyles.

Page 17: The London Busmen Study

• Study Findings

  • Comparison of CHD rates between bus drivers and conductors indicated significant differences in health outcomes based on activity levels.

Page 18: Lifestyle Risks

• Central Role of Exercise

  • Exercise is vital for health but affected by several factors:

    • Diet

    • Smoking

    • Alcohol consumption

    • Social and environmental factors

    • Genetics

• Disease Risk Calculation

  • Example: Calculation of disease risk in a population context.

Page 19: Hypokinetic Diseases List

• Common Hypokinetic Diseases

  • Include:

    • Cardiovascular Disease

    • Cancer

    • Obesity

    • Type 2 Diabetes

    • Osteoporosis

    • Mental ill-health.

Page 20: Hypertension Overview

• Definition

  • High blood pressure causing strain on heart and blood vessels.

• Development Timeline

  • Gradual development, affects nearly everyone.

• Health Risks

  • Potential to lead to stroke and heart attack rather than direct mortality.

Page 21: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

• Definition

  • Hardening of arteries from cholesterol plaque buildup.

• Health Consequences

  • Risk of blood clots leading to heart attack or stroke; leading cause of death globally.

Page 22: Cardiovascular Disease Mechanism

• Atherosclerosis as Major Cause

  • Plaque buildup narrows arteries, leading to severe cardiovascular events.

• Exercise's Role

  • Lifestyle affects modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors.

Page 23: Risk Factor Clustering

• Metabolic Syndrome

  • Clusters of risk factors (3 or more) including hypertension, high blood sugar, excess body fat, and abnormal cholesterol levels.

Page 24: Obesity Definition

• Obesity Overview

  • Excessive body fat endangering health.

• Causes

  • Poor diet and lack of physical activity contributing to the rising obesity rate.

Page 25: Obesity and BMI Calculation

• BMI Categories

  • Range Definitions:

    • Underweight: <18.5

    • Normal: 18.5-24.9

    • Overweight: 25-29.9

    • Obesity classes I-III.

• Limitations of BMI

  • Explore more precise measurement techniques (DXA, MRI, CT) and related issues.

Page 26: Energy Balance Basics

• Concept Overview

  • Energy balance determined by:

    • Energy intake vs. energy expenditure leading to weight gain, loss, or maintenance.

Page 27: Energy Balance Defined

• Energy Dynamics

  • Energy intake > expenditure = weight gain.

  • Energy intake < expenditure = weight loss.

  • Energy intake = expenditure = stable weight.

• Metabolic Impact

  • Changes in intake influence metabolic rates affecting energy expenditure.

Page 28: Diabetes Types

• Task Activity

  • Classify diabetes facts into Type 1 and Type 2 categories based on characteristics.

Page 29: Comparison of Diabetes Types

• Type 1 Diabetes

  • Auto-immune, childhood manifestation, insulin deficiency.

• Type 2 Diabetes

  • Multi-factor onset, adult manifestation, treatable, typically characterized by insulin insensitivity.

Page 30: Diabetes Overview

• Definition

  • Hyperglycemia characterized by elevated blood glucose levels.

• Type 1 Characteristics

  • Autoimmune destruction prevents insulin production.

• Type 2 Characteristics

  • Insulin resistance.

• Health Risks

  • Associated with severe outcomes (stroke, retinopathy, heart disease, etc.).

Page 31: Bone Health and Osteoporosis

• Importance of Bone Density

  • Critical for structural integrity, peaks between ages 25-45.

• Osteoporosis Connection

  • Low bone mineral density increases fracture vulnerability.

• Risk Factors

  • Includes low BMI, insufficient calcium, poor nutrition, lack of exercise, smoking, etc.

Page 32: Exercises for Bone Density Improvement

• Effective Activities

  • Brisk walking and resistance training are superior to swimming for improving bone density.

Page 33: Impact of Exercise on Muscular System

• Muscle Terminology

  • Hypertrophy: muscle enlargement.

  • Atrophy: muscle reduction due to inactivity.

• Capillarisation

  • Increase in capillary networks improves oxygen exchange in muscles.

• DOMS Causes

  • Resulting from eccentric movements, associated with muscle damage.