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Progressivism (Key Terms & Concepts)
What was Progressivism?
A reform movement that sought to address problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, and political corruption.
What were key elements of Progressivism?
Government regulation, expanded democracy, social justice, and moral reform.
How did the Progressive Era differ from the Gilded Age?
The Progressive Era focused on government intervention, while the Gilded Age emphasized laissez-faire capitalism and corporate power.
What was the purpose of the 16th Amendment?
Allowed the federal government to collect income tax, funding social programs and infrastructure.
What did the 17th Amendment change?
Allowed for the direct election of senators, reducing corruption in the Senate.
What was the impact of the 18th Amendment?
Prohibited alcohol, leading to the Prohibition Era and an increase in organized crime.
What did the 19th Amendment achieve?
Granted women’s suffrage, giving women the right to vote.
What problems did unchecked capitalism cause?
Monopolies, low wages, child labor, unsafe working conditions, and political corruption.
How did Progressives respond to problems in capitalism?
Trust-busting, labor laws, worker protections, and consumer safety regulations.
What was the goal of muckrakers?
Investigative journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices.
Name a famous muckraker and their work.
Upton Sinclair – The Jungle (exposed the meatpacking industry).
What law was passed because of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle?
Meat Inspection Act (1906) and Pure Food and Drug Act (1906).
Progressive Presidents
What was Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic policy called?
The Square Deal – aimed at trust-busting, conservation, and consumer protection.
What was New Nationalism?
Roosevelt’s policy calling for a strong federal government to regulate the economy and promote social justice.
What foreign policy did Roosevelt follow?
“Big Stick Diplomacy” – The U.S. should act as a global police force and use military power if necessary.
What was William Taft’s foreign policy?
“Dollar Diplomacy” – Encouraged U.S. investment in Latin America to expand U.S. influence.
What was Woodrow Wilson’s domestic policy called?
New Freedom – Focused on banking reform, antitrust laws, and lowering tariffs.
What was Wilson’s foreign policy?
“Moral Diplomacy” – The U.S. should spread democracy and oppose imperialism.
What happened in the Election of 1912?
Roosevelt’s Bull Moose Party split the Republican vote, allowing Wilson to win.
Social & Cultural Changes
What were the strategies of the women’s suffrage movement?
State-by-state lobbying, court challenges, protests, and hunger strikes.
How did Prohibition impact society?
Led to organized crime (Al Capone), speakeasies, and illegal alcohol trade.
How did immigration affect cities during the Progressive Era?
Cities became overcrowded, and many immigrants lived in tenements.
What law attempted to restrict child labor?
Keating-Owen Act (1916) – Limited child labor (later ruled unconstitutional).
World War I (WWI)
What were the MAIN causes of WWI?
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.
What event triggered WWI?
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary.
Why did the U.S. enter WWI?
Lusitania sinking, Zimmerman Telegram, and unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany.
What was Wilson’s 14 Points?
A plan for peace that included self-determination and the League of Nations.
What was the League of Nations?
An international organization for peace proposed by Wilson, but the U.S. never joined.
What treaty ended WWI?
The Treaty of Versailles (1919) – Blamed Germany and imposed harsh reparations.
The Roaring 20s
What was the Great Migration?
Movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities for jobs.
How did Prohibition affect crime?
Increased organized crime and illegal alcohol production.
What was the Red Scare?
A period of fear of communism after the Russian Revolution.
How did the U.S. government respond to the Red Scare?
Palmer Raids – Arresting and deporting suspected radicals.
What laws restricted immigration in the 1920s?
Emergency Quota Act (1921) and National Origins Act (1924) – Limited immigration from Southern & Eastern Europe.
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