Review

Reformation

Anabaptists- A new religious group, hated by everyone, believed in separation of church and state and refused military service. Created by Zwingli. 

Edward- Son of Henry VIII, Only Male Heir, Son of Jane Seymour

The Edict of Worms- Stated by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, declared Luther an outlaw and heretic

Mary- First child of Henry VIII, Known as Bloody Mary, catholic, Daughter of Catherine of Aragon

Theocracy-A religiously run Government

Ignatius of Loyola- Created the Jesuits, a catholic order, Part of the counter-reformation.

Predestination- Calvinist belief, Belief that there was no purgatory and you are Predestined to go to heaven or hell

Indulgences- a Pardon provided for sins, The Church began selling these causing the 95 Theses to be written

Annul—to declare invalid. Henry used this to justify his divorce from Catherine, which did not work out.

Charles V- Holy Roman Emperor during the Reformation and spent many years trying to stop it, was unsuccessful

Calvin- John Calvin, started the Calvinist religion, was a politician in Geneva, and helped make it a theocracy

Catherine- Catherine of Aragon, First Wife of Henry VIII was divorced by Henry

Leo X- Pope during the Reformation, told Tetzel to sell indulgences for money

Zwingli-Pacifist, creator of the Anabaptist religion.

What document initially stated Martin Luther’s displeasure and argument against indulgences?

The 95 Theses

What was one of the major complaints the leaders of Europe had against the Catholic Church?

Involvement in politics

What agreement allowed German Princes to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism as their region’s religion

Peace of Augsburg

The English ruler who founded the Church of England (Anglicanism)

Henry VIII

What law gave the Monarch of England the right to be the head of the Church of England

The Act of Supremacy

The Protestant religion was spread to Scotland by

John Knox

What did most religious groups in Europe experience to some degree during the time of the Reformation

Persecution and Intolerance

Group which met on and off for over 20 years with the purpose of reforming the Catholic Church.

Council of Trent

The group was established to halt the growth of Protestantism and Heresy

Jesuits

Catholic Court designed to root out heresy but often reverted to torture and secret testimonies to achieve its goals.

Inquisition

Renaissance

Leonardo da Vinci- A painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist. Interested in how things work such as how a muscle moves. Wrote backwards. Painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper

Raphael-Younger than Michaelangelo and Da Vinci. Learned from them. He is famous for his use of perspective. Filled the walls of Pope Julius II's library. Painted Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and himself

Sofonisba Anguissola- First women artist to gain an international reputation. Painted people such as King Phillip II of Spain.

Petrarch-Was one of the earliest humanists and some call him the father of humanism.

Michelangelo- renaissance man, famous for the way he portrayed the human body. Famous for the dome of Saint Peters, Paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and Statue of David

Boccacio-Italian writer, famous for using his vernacular language. Best known for the Decameron.

Vittoria Colonna-She was a female Renaissance writer. Female Renaissance writers usually wrote about personal subjects not politics. Colonna's poems expressed her own personal emotions. She was an influential sonnet writer and exchanged sonnets with Michelangelo. Born to a noble family. Helped Castiglione publish "Courtiers"

Erasmus-Dutch humanist and friends with Thomas More. Wrote the Praise of Folly a political satire

Thomas More- English humanist who wrote Utopia and helped the word come to mean an ideal place in English. Friends with Erasmus

Shakespeare-The most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age. Work showed a deep understanding of human beings. Wrote Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and other classics.

Durer-German artist who traveled to Italy to learn art. Produced woodcuts. Many of his prints portray religious subjects, myths, or realistic land subjects

Hans Holbien-German artist influenced by Durer. Painted portraits that are almost photographic in detail. Most famous for his portrait of King Henry VIII.

Jan van Eyck-Flemish painter who developed oil-based paint techniques painters still use today. Van Eyck's paintings display unusually realistic subjects.

Pieter Bruegal-Interested in realistic details and individual people. Skillful in portraying large numbers of people. Captured scenes of everyday life such as weddings, dances, and harvests

When society began to focus more on worldly issues rather than spiritual issues one could say society was becoming more

Secular

What city led the Renaissance and was referred to by some as “the school of Europe”

Florence

When an author uses the everyday language of their homeland we say the author uses the

Vernacular Tongue

A picture that uses slanting lines (a vanishing point) and objects of different sizes to give a feeling of depth was said to have

Linear perspective

What is the best term for a person who sponsors or supports artists financially?

A patron of the arts

Age of Exploration

What country had a monopoly on the spice trade in Europe before the age of exploration

Italy

Which European nation led the exploration of the African coast

Portugal

What did Vasco de Gama succeed in gaining for Portugal

A trade route to India

The Treaty of Tordesillas established a boundary between which two regions

Spain and the New World and Portugal and the Other half (Africa and some of Asia)

What disease proved devastating to the Native American population in the New World

Smallpox

What country came to dominate the Atlantic Slave trade and later on outlawed it

England

What economic system was based on the accumulation of Wealth (gold and silver) and depended on a favorable balance of trade

Mercantilism

What country became a commercial center during the 1600s and had a fleet of up to 10,000 ships

The Netherlands

What is the economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources for profit?

Capitalism

What events from the Middle ages exposed Europe to spices and luxury goods from Asia and the Middle East

The Crusades

In the eyes of the Europeans one of the advantages of using Africans as slaves was

Cheap labor, used to farm work, immunity to diseases like smallpox and tropical diseases

What created the “need” for slavery in the North and South American colonies

Sugar plantations in the Caribbean and cheap labor

Spanish Armada/Thirty Years War/Dynasties

Philip II-Spanish Monarch you need to know (Hapsburgs). Ruler during the Spanish Armada, Seized Portugal, and Defended Catholicism

Peter the Great- Russian Monarch you need to know (Romanovs). Westernized Russia and Modernized the Army, Built Saint Petersburg

Frederick the Great- Prussian Monarch you need to know (Hohemzollarems). Acquired Silesia and made Prussia a European Power.

Ferdinand II- Holy Roman Emperor, caused the 30 years of war by forcing Roman Catholicism on his territories (specifically Bohemia which is modern-day Czechia)

Louis XIV- French King you need to know (Bourbon). Made France a lead power in Europe

Charles I- the English King Offended Puritans and was executed by Cromwell. (Stuart)

Habsburg Dynasty- Spanish and Austrian Monarchs

Bourbons- French Monarchs

Romanovs- Russian Monarchs

Hohenzollerns- Prussian Monarchs

Stuarts- English Monarchs

The 30 years war pretty much ended what types of wars in Europe

Religious Wars

What were the two religious alliances at the start of the Thirty Years War

Catholic League and Protestant Union.

What weapons did the English Employ that did more psychological harm than actual damage

Fireships

What style of naval warfare did the English use

Atlantic Style Warfare

What style of naval warfare did the Spanish use

Mediterranean/Galley Warfare

Who was defenestrated in Prague

The Holy Roman Emperor’s representatives in Prague

Scientific Revolution

Ptolemy Greece

Astronomy

300s b.c.

Geocentric theory

Copernicus Poland

Astronomy/ Cleric

Early 1500s

 Heliocentric Theory wrote Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies and published it when he knew he was dying.

Brahe Denmark

Astronomy

Late 1500s

Accurate data based on the movement of the planets

Kepler Denmark

Mathematician

Early 1600s

Planets orbit elliptically, proved Copernicus’ ideas

Galileo Italy

Astronomy

Early 1600s

Helps develop telescopes, Starry Messenger, the moon is not smooth like Aristotle thought, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems

Bacon England

Philosopher

1600s

Empiricism(conclusions on experiments and not assumption), father of the scientific method

Descartes France

Philosopher

1600s

Analytical geometry, father of scientific method

Newton England

Physics and astronomy

1600s

The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, the idea of gravity and how masses interact, laws of gravity

Harvey England

Biology

1628

Revealed how the human heart functions → the heart is essentially a muscle/pump

Janssen Netherlands

Biology

1590

Invented the first microscope

Leeuwenhoek Netherlands

Biology

1670s

Examined bacteria in tooth scrapings and blood cells under a microscope

Torricelli Italy

Chemistry

1643

The first mercury barometer (measures atmospheric pressure)

Fahrenheit Germany

Physics

1714

The first mercury-glass thermometer

Celsius Sweden

Astronomer

1742

A mercury glass thermometer that has a new scale

Galen Greece

Biology

Middle ages

Studied the anatomy of humans by dissecting pigs or other animals, created anatomical models of humans from pigs

Vesalius Flanders

Biology

1543

Proved Galen’s assumptions by dissecting corpses of humans, On the Structure of the Human Body

Jenner Britain

Physician

late 1700s

Vaccine to prevent smallpox

Boyle England

Chemistry

1661

The Sceptical Chymist, law explaining how volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other

Scientific Method-A method used by scientists that includes a hypothesis, experiment, and conclusion that are all non-biased. Popularized by Bacon and Descartes.

Enlightenment

5 Core Ideas

Reason: truth could be discovered through logical thinking, applied in all aspects of life.

Nature: Natural things are good, belief in natural laws of science and economics and politics

Happiness: Those who follow nature’s laws will be happy

Progress: Belief in a progressive society

Liberty: many envied the progress of England: through reason, society could be set free.

Hobbes: Leviathan: affected by the beheading of Charles I and the English Civil War. Social contract: people must give over rights to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order. Convinced humans were naturally wicked and motivated by self-interest: The best government was an absolute monarchy.

John Locke: Treaties on Government. government's purpose was to protect three basic natural rights: Life, Liberty,and  Property. Government power came from the consent of the governed. People should choose their government. Believed in a limited/constitutional monarchy. People were landholding men.

Voltaire: Candide: Admired philosopher and prolific writer but had a sharp tongue. Jailed twice by Louis XV. Admired the English government and the growing power of parliament. Mocked French laws, customs, and Christianity: fled to Switzerland. Believed in religious tolerance, freedom of thought, and speech. “I do not agree with what you are saying…but I will defend to the death your right to say it”

Baron de Montesquieu: On the Spirit of Laws: Believed Britain was the best governed. The study of this led to the separation of powers. Divide power among branches of government: checks and balances. The executive carries out laws, legislative makes laws, Judicial interprets laws. Influence U.S. Constitution.

Diderot: Encyclopedia. 29-volume set of articles and essays by various authors including himself. Supported religious tolerance. Banned after volume seven. Notable contributors Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu

Rousseau: Working Class Philosophe: Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind. Adopted laws and government to preserve property. Believed people are basically good but corrupted by society. Social Contract: Through a social contract an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will. General will represent what's best for the community. The Will of the majority should always work for the common good. General will is dominant in society. Believed all titles of nobility should be abolished, and all people are equal.

Cesare Beccaria: Italian; Believed laws existed to preserve social order not to avenge crimes. Against torture and capital punishment. Punishment should fit the crime. Right to a “speedy trial”

Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the Rights of Women: Pointed out the hypocrisy of the Enlightenment, arbitrary power of monarchs was wrong-arbitrary power of men over women was equally wrong. Women should have equal rights in education political and economic life

What was greatly influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment

French and American Revolutions

Montesquieu’s influence on the U.S. constitution

Separation of Powers within the government

Two intellectual movements were brought together by the enlightenment

Renaissance and Scientific Revolution

French Revolution

Causes of the French Revolution include all of the following

France’s Financial Crisis

The Skyrocketing price of bread

The Old regime class system in France

Louis XVI’s Weak Leadership

Failed reforms of the King

A political and symbolic act of revolution occurred when citizens of Paris stormed and captured

The Bastille

The different social classes in France

Clergy, Nobility, and the 3rd estate
Robespierre’s period of power

The Reign of Terror

The French respond to threats to the revolution

By becoming more radical

The Moderate governments of the French Revolution

National Assembly

Legislative Assembly

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