LANG CT 2 FULL SYLLABUS

📘 SYLLABUS OVERVIEW & GUIDE

🟦 1. Gerund Prepositional Phrases (GCE)

🔹 What is a Gerund Prepositional Phrase?

A gerund is a verb ending in -ing that acts like a noun.
A prepositional phrase includes a preposition and its object.

🔸Example:

✅ What you should practice:

• Identify gerunds and gerund prepositional phrases.

• Use them in your own sentences.

🟩 2. Units 8 & 9 (Cambridge)

🧩 a. Prepositional Phrases

• A phrase starting with a preposition (like on, in, under, by) and ending with a noun.

Example:

✅ Practice:

• Identifying and writing prepositional phrases.

• Use them in paragraph writing.

🧩 b. Coordinating Conjunctions

These join two equal parts of a sentence.
FANBOYS: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

Example:

✅ Practice:

• Combining sentences using FANBOYS.

• Avoiding comma splices.

🧩 c. Adverbs (Types & Examples)

1. Degree – How much?
   ➤ very, almost, quite
   Example: She is very talented.

2. Manner – How?
   ➤ quickly, gently, angrily
   Example: He spoke gently.

3. Linking/Connecting – Connects ideas
   ➤ however, therefore, nevertheless
   Example: She was tired. However, she finished the work.

4. Time – When?
   ➤ yesterday, soon, now, later
   Example: I will do it later.

Possible Question Type:

✅ Practice:

• Making adverbs and explaining the type.

• Inserting the correct type of adverb in sentences.

🟨 3. Paragraph Writing (Unseen | Max 121 words)

✍ Must include:

• Prepositional phrases

• Coordinating conjunctions

• Adverbs (all types)

• Possibly gerunds

Tips:

• Keep it clear, concise, and well-structured.

• Include a topic sentence, supporting details, and a conclusion.

• Use at least one grammar device from the syllabus in every 2–3 lines.

Example Opening:

✅ Practice:

• Writing short paragraphs and checking if you've used all devices.

• Ask me to review your paragraph anytime!

✅ QUICK STUDY CHECKLIST

🎓📌 English Grammar Cheat Sheet – CT-2 Edition

🔹 ADVERBS – Describes verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs

🧠 HW-WHO Trick – Ask:

🟢 Adverb Types to Know:

• Manner (how) → happily, slowly

• Time (when) → yesterday, now

• Degree (how much) → very, extremely

• Linking (connects ideas) → however, therefore

🔹 COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (FANBOYS)

Use to connect two equal ideas/sentences:

Example: I was tired, so I went to sleep.

🔹 PREPOSITIONS – Show relationship to a noun

🧠 The Box Trick:

• in the box

• on the box

• under the box

• behind the box

• over the box

• near the box

🟢 Used in phrases:

• in the morning

• at the park

• on the weekend

🔹 GERUNDS – Verb + -ing that acts like a noun

Example:

• Swimming is good exercise.

• I enjoy reading.

🧠 Trick: If it’s the subject or object, it’s a gerund.

📌 BONUS TIP: If you're not sure what type a word is, check what it's doing in the sentence.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GERUNDS AND PARTICIPLES

🔹 Gerunds vs. Participles

Both gerunds and present participles end in -ing, so they look the same, but they do different jobs in a sentence.

✅ Gerund (–ing as a noun)

A gerund is a verb form used as a noun. It can be the subject or object in a sentence.

Examples:

• Swimming is fun. → (Swimming = subject)

• I enjoy reading. → (Reading = object of 'enjoy')

• She’s good at drawing. → (Drawing = object of preposition 'at')

You can usually ask: ➡ “What?” or “Which activity?” to spot a gerund.

✅ Participle (–ing or –ed as an adjective)

A participle is a verb form used as an adjective. It describes a noun.

Examples:

• The crying baby won’t sleep. → (Crying describes the baby)

• The burnt toast tasted bad. → (Burnt describes the toast)

• The boring movie made us sleepy. → (Boring describes the movie)

You can usually ask: ➡ “Which one?” or “What kind?” to find the participle.

🔍 Side-by-Side Comparison:

🔁 Quick Tip to Remember:

EXAMPLES OF GERUNDS VS PARTICIPLES PAST AND PRESENT

🔹 PRESENT participle (-ing) vs gerund (-ing)

1⃣ Participle:

📌 "The barking dog scared the children."

• barking = present participle (describes the dog)

• Ask: "Which dog?" → The barking one. ✅

2⃣ Gerund:

📌 "Barking loudly is annoying."

• barking = gerund (acts like a noun, subject of the sentence)

• Ask: "What is annoying?" → Barking. ✅

🔹 PAST participle (-ed) vs gerund (-ing)

3⃣ Participle:

📌 "The broken window needs fixing."

• broken = past participle (describes the window)

• Ask: "Which window?" → The broken one. ✅

4⃣ Gerund:

📌 "Fixing broken windows takes time."

• fixing = gerund (subject of the sentence)

• Ask: "What takes time?" → Fixing windows. ✅

🌟 Quick Recap: