Revolutions and Industrialization: 1750-1900 Overview

Study Guide: Revolutions 1750-1900

Essential Question:

What is a revolution?

5.1 The Enlightenment

Scientific Revolution

• Timeframe: Late 1500s-1600s

• Key Ideas: Shift from religious authority to rational thinking and empirical methods to understand the world.

• Connection to Progress: The Scientific Revolution laid the foundation for Enlightenment thought by promoting the idea of progress through reason and evidence.

Key Figures:

• Astronomy:

  • Nicolaus Copernicus: Heliocentrism (1543)

  • Galileo, Kepler, Brahe: Verified heliocentrism mechanics.

  • Isaac Newton: Laws of motion and gravity (1687).

• Biology:

  • William Harvey: Circulatory system and blood flow.

• Scientific Method:

  • Francis Bacon: Empiricism.

  • René Descartes: Rationalism.

Enlightenment Thinkers:

• Immanuel Kant: "Enlightenment is man leaving his self-caused immaturity."

• John Locke: Social contract, rights to life, liberty, and property.

• Montesquieu: Separation of powers.

• Voltaire: Freedom of expression.

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Popular sovereignty, "Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains."

• Diderot: Encyclopedie.

5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions (1750-1900)

American Revolution (1775-1783)

• Causes: Nationalism, Enlightenment thinking, "No taxation without representation."

• Outcome: U.S. independence, democratic republic, Constitution (1789).

• Influence of Enlightenment: Montesquieu’s separation of powers, Locke’s consent of the governed.

French Revolution (1789-1800)

• Causes: Social inequality (3 estates), royal debt, food shortages.

• Events: Estates-General, National Assembly, Declaration of Rights of Man, Reign of Terror, rise of Napoleon.

• Outcome: Abolition of monarchy, rise of Republic, Napoleon’s empire.

Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

• Causes: Influence of French Revolution, desire for freedom and equality for slaves.

• Key Figure: Toussaint L’Overture.

• Outcome: Haiti becomes the first independent black republic, abolishing slavery.

Latin American Revolutions (1810-1820s)

• Causes: Nationalism, resentment of Spanish colonial policies, desire for independence.

• Key Figures: Simón Bolívar (Gran Colombia), Miguel Hidalgo (Mexico).

• Outcome: Independence for many Latin American nations.

Other Nationalist Movements:

• Maori (New Zealand Wars, 1845-72), Otto von Bismarck (Germany, 1871), Il Risorgimento (Italy, 1871), Jose Rizal (Philippines, 1887).

5.3 The Industrial Revolution

Why Did the Industrial Revolution Begin in Great Britain?

• Resources: Rivers, coal, iron ore.

• Political: Property rights, colonies.

• Economic: Financial capital, low population = higher wages, investment in machines.

Key Inventions:

• Steam Engine: James Watt (1782).

• Textile Manufacturing: Flying shuttle (1733), Spinning Jenny (1764), Cotton gin (1793, Eli Whitney).

Factory System: Centralized locations with machines replacing skilled labor.

5.4 Industrialization Spreads

• Copying Britain: Northern Europe and U.S. (e.g., Samuel Slater in Rhode Island, 1793).

• Other Nations: Russia (Sergei Witte’s Trans-Siberian Railroad), Japan (Meiji Restoration, 1868).

5.5 Technology of the Industrial Age

First Industrial Revolution:

• Steam & Textiles: Flying shuttle (1733), Spinning Jenny (1764), Steam Engine (1775), Cotton Gin (1793).

• Second Industrial Revolution:

  • Technologies: Gaslight (1810), Photography (1827), Telegraph (1840), Telephone (1876), Light Bulb (1879), Motorwagen (1886).

5.6 Industrialization and Government Role

State-Directed Industrialization:

• Japan (Meiji Restoration): Rapid industrialization after Commodore Perry's arrival (1853).

• Egypt: Muhammad Ali (1820s-40s) modernized infrastructure.

• Russia: Sergei Witte and the Trans-Siberian Railroad.

5.7 Economic Developments in the Industrial Age

• Capitalism: Shift from mercantilism to capitalism. Adam Smith ("Wealth of Nations", 1776), Laissez-faire.

• State Capitalism: Gov’t-directed industry in countries like Germany and Japan.

5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Economy

Socialism and Communism:

• Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels: Communist Manifesto (1848), class struggle, overthrow capitalism.

• Socialism: Worker self-management, communal control of production.

• Communism: Revolution to achieve equality, end capitalism.

Trade Unions: Worker groups fighting for better conditions, wages, and safety.

• Utopias: Small, ideal communities (e.g., New Harmony, IN).

Anarchism: Rejection of all forms of government.

5.9 Society in the Industrial Age

• Social Changes:

  • Growth of the middle class (doctors, lawyers, merchants).

  • Public education, leisure activities, and urbanization.

  • Massive population growth and migration to cities.

  • Development of public services: public transit, sanitation, medical advances.

• Labor Conditions: Low wages, long hours, unsafe conditions, child labor.

Abolition of Slavery:

• Countries: France (1794), Haiti (1804), Britain (1807), USA (1865), Brazil (1888).

Women’s Rights: The Declaration of Sentiments (1848) draws on Enlightenment principles for women's suffrage.

5.10 Continuity and Change in the Industrial Age

• Global Impact: The Industrial Revolution reshaped economies, societies, and the global balance of power.Study Guide: Revolutions 1750-1900

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  Essential Question:

  What is a revolution?

  ---

  5.1 The Enlightenment

  Scientific Revolution

  • Timeframe: Late 1500s-1600s

  • Key Ideas: Shift from religious authority to rational thinking and empirical methods to understand the world.

  • Connection to Progress: The Scientific Revolution laid the foundation for Enlightenment thought by promoting the idea of progress through reason and evidence.

  Key Figures:

  • Astronomy:

    • Nicolaus Copernicus: Heliocentrism (1543)

    • Galileo, Kepler, Brahe: Verified heliocentrism mechanics.

    • Isaac Newton: Laws of motion and gravity (1687).

  • Biology:

    • William Harvey: Circulatory system and blood flow.

  • Scientific Method:

    • Francis Bacon: Empiricism.

    • René Descartes: Rationalism.

  Enlightenment Thinkers:

  • Immanuel Kant: "Enlightenment is man leaving his self-caused immaturity."

  • John Locke: Social contract, rights to life, liberty, and property.

  • Montesquieu: Separation of powers.

  • Voltaire: Freedom of expression.

  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Popular sovereignty, "Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains."

  • Diderot: Encyclopedie.

  ---

  5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions (1750-1900)

  American Revolution (1775-1783)

  • Causes: Nationalism, Enlightenment thinking, "No taxation without representation."

  • Outcome: U.S. independence, democratic republic, Constitution (1789).

  • Influence of Enlightenment: Montesquieu’s separation of powers, Locke’s consent of the governed.

  French Revolution (1789-1800)

  • Causes: Social inequality (3 estates), royal debt, food shortages.

  • Events: Estates-General, National Assembly, Declaration of Rights of Man, Reign of Terror, rise of Napoleon.

  • Outcome: Abolition of monarchy, rise of Republic, Napoleon’s empire.

  Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

  • Causes: Influence of French Revolution, desire for freedom and equality for slaves.

  • Key Figure: Toussaint L’Overture.

  • Outcome: Haiti becomes the first independent black republic, abolishing slavery.

  Latin American Revolutions (1810-1820s)

  • Causes: Nationalism, resentment of Spanish colonial policies, desire for independence.

  • Key Figures: Simón Bolívar (Gran Colombia), Miguel Hidalgo (Mexico).

  • Outcome: Independence for many Latin American nations.

  Other Nationalist Movements:

  • Maori (New Zealand Wars, 1845-72), Otto von Bismarck (Germany, 1871), Il Risorgimento (Italy, 1871), Jose Rizal (Philippines, 1887).

  ---

  5.3 The Industrial Revolution

  Why Did the Industrial Revolution Begin in Great Britain?

  • Resources: Rivers, coal, iron ore.

  • Political: Property rights, colonies.

  • Economic: Financial capital, low population = higher wages, investment in machines.

  Key Inventions:

  • Steam Engine: James Watt (1782).

  • Textile Manufacturing: Flying shuttle (1733), Spinning Jenny (1764), Cotton gin (1793, Eli Whitney).

  Factory System: Centralized locations with machines replacing skilled labor.

  ---

  5.4 Industrialization Spreads

  • Copying Britain: Northern Europe and U.S. (e.g., Samuel Slater in Rhode Island, 1793).

  • Other Nations: Russia (Sergei Witte’s Trans-Siberian Railroad), Japan (Meiji Restoration, 1868).

  ---

  5.5 Technology of the Industrial Age

  First Industrial Revolution:

  • Steam & Textiles: Flying shuttle (1733), Spinning Jenny (1764), Steam Engine (1775), Cotton Gin (1793).

  • Second Industrial Revolution:

    • Technologies: Gaslight (1810), Photography (1827), Telegraph (1840), Telephone (1876), Light Bulb (1879), Motorwagen (1886).

  ---

  5.6 Industrialization and Government Role

  State-Directed Industrialization:

  • Japan (Meiji Restoration): Rapid industrialization after Commodore Perry's arrival (1853).

  • Egypt: Muhammad Ali (1820s-40s) modernized infrastructure.

  • Russia: Sergei Witte and the Trans-Siberian Railroad.

  ---

  5.7 Economic Developments in the Industrial Age

  • Capitalism: Shift from mercantilism to capitalism. Adam Smith ("Wealth of Nations", 1776), Laissez-faire.

  • State Capitalism: Gov’t-directed industry in countries like Germany and Japan.

  ---

  5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Economy

  Socialism and Communism:

  • Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels: Communist Manifesto (1848), class struggle, overthrow capitalism.

  • Socialism: Worker self-management, communal control of production.

  • Communism: Revolution to achieve equality, end capitalism.

  Trade Unions: Worker groups fighting for better conditions, wages, and safety.

  • Utopias: Small, ideal communities (e.g., New Harmony, IN).

  Anarchism: Rejection of all forms of government.

  ---

  5.9 Society in the Industrial Age

  • Social Changes:

    • Growth of the middle class (doctors, lawyers, merchants).

    • Public education, leisure activities, and urbanization.

    • Massive population growth and migration to cities.

    • Development of public services: public transit, sanitation, medical advances.

  • Labor Conditions: Low wages, long hours, unsafe conditions, child labor.

  Abolition of Slavery:

  • Countries: France (1794), Haiti (1804), Britain (1807), USA (1865), Brazil (1888).

  Women’s Rights: The Declaration of Sentiments (1848) draws on Enlightenment principles for women's suffrage.

  ---

  5.10 Continuity and Change in the Industrial Age

  • Global Impact: The Industrial Revolution reshaped economies, societies, and the global balance of power.