Unit 2 exam

Major differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Major differences between plant cells and animal cells

Major functions of all the eukaryotic organelles included in the lecture notes/discussed in lecture

The basic structure and functions of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton

The basic structure, functions, and importance of cell walls in plants and the extracellular matrix in animals

What plasmodesmata are and where they are found

The three main types of intercellular junctions in animal cells and their functions

The processes depicted in the Inner Life of the Cell video – what organelles are involved with each process, etc.

What the plasma membrane is and what its major functions are

The general structure of the plasma membrane; what molecules are important, the specific functions of the various molecular components of the plasma membrane

What the terms fluid mosaic, amphipathic, and selective permeability mean

The different types of membrane proteins and their functions

Which types of molecules can pass freely through the phospholipid bilayer and which types cannot; for the molecules that cannot pass freely through the phospholipid bilayer, understand why they cannot and how they are able to enter and exit the cell

What passive transport is, the different types of passive transport, and examples of where they occur and why they are important

What osmosis is and how water moves in and out of cells

What the terms isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic mean, and how and why tonicity affects the movement of water into and out of cells

What active transport is and how it differs from passive transport; the different types of active transport, and examples of where they occur and why they are important

What membrane potential is and how it is maintained by the cell; what an electrochemical gradient is and how it affects movement of ions into and out of cells

What an electrogenic pump is and examples of electrogenic pumps

How a sodium-potassium pump works

What the terms cotransport and coupling mean and how they work

What bulk transport is; the different types of bulk transport, and examples of where they occur and why they are important

The stages of interphase and the major events of each

The changes that occur to DNA throughout cell division; understand what chromatin, chromosomes, and sister chromatids are

What a centromere and kinetochore proteins are

What a mitotic spindle is and its general structure

The five phases of mitosis and the major events of each

What cytokinesis is; what a cleavage furrow and cell plate are

What binary fission is and what organisms reproduce through binary fission

The important types of molecules involved in regulation of the cell cycle; what they are called and generally what they can do

What the different checkpoints in the cell cycle are; how various signals may give a cell the ‘go-ahead’ signal or prevent it from dividing

Terms associated with cancer; understand the terms benign versus malignant, metastasis, and apoptosis

What a carcinogen is and examples of carcinogens

What a proto-oncogene and tumor suppressor gene are and how they affect the cell cycle; how mutations in them can lead to cancer

What makes a cancerous cell different from a non-cancerous cell

Examples of cancers that have a strong genetic component to them; understand specifically why being born with certain genes can greatly increase the chances of developing certain types of cancer

All of the terms listed at the beginning of the outline; what they mean and how they are used in context to describe various processes that occur

What alleles are and how the term ‘allele’ differs from the term ‘gene’

Major differences and similarities between meiosis and mitosis

The major steps in meiosis and what occurs during each

What synapsis and crossing over are and what occurs during these processes

What independent assortment and random fertilization mean and their significance

All the different sources of genetic variation within sexually reproducing organisms; how each contributes to broad diversity of organisms