U.S. Presidential Election Processes

The U.S. presidential election involves two main stages: securing a political party’s nomination and winning the general election.

Impact of Institutional Rules

Campaign norms and rules significantly shape American politics and election results, with political scientists debating the effectiveness of the electoral process in a representative democracy.

Overview of the Nomination Process

Candidates must first secure their party's nomination. Historically, party bosses selected nominees, excluding ordinary citizens. As suffrage expanded, voter demand for involvement led to the establishment of political party conventions. Currently, nominations occur primarily via primary elections:

• Closed Primaries: Only registered party members can vote.

• Open Primaries: Any registered voter may participate. Low voter turnout, often around 25%, is noted, particularly among independent voters.

Importance of the Primary Process

Primaries' importance has risen, with early contests gaining attention. New Hampshire holds the first primary, followed by the Iowa Caucus. National conventions formalize nominations, although their significance has declined.

National Conventions and Super Delegates

National conventions showcase candidates and present party platforms, with super delegates—party leaders and elected officials—addressing potential voting errors to ensure electability in general elections. Delegates from primaries and caucuses nominate candidates.

The General Election Campaign

The general election, starting post-conventions, determines the incumbent. Modern campaigns require substantial funding, strategic media, and a dedicated team. The traditional two-party system complicates campaign strategies and funding discussions.

The Electoral College

The U.S. uses the Electoral College, reflecting concerns about direct voter influence. Electors, not bound to voter choices, represent each state's congressional representation. There are 538 total electors, with 270 required to win. The winner-take-all rule leads campaigns to focus on battleground states like Ohio and Florida.

Functions and Criticism of the Electoral College

Functions:

• Acts as an intermediary between voter decisions and presidential elections.

• Electors are insulated from regional pressures and represent diverse populations.

Critiques:

The system faces debate over its impact on democracy. Critics oppose abolishing it, citing tradition and concerns about alternative systems lacking clarity or support, highlighting the tension between federalism and American democracy.