FUNDA WEEK 7 & 8
NURSING AS AN ART IN COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION (INTERPERSONAL)
➢ Definition: A two- way process involving the sending and the receiving of a message thereby exchanging information or feelings between 2 or more people.
➢ Communication in Nursing
○ Process of transmitting thoughts, feelings, information and other verbal and non-verbal behavior.
○ The vehicle for establishing a therapeutic relationship with a client. (Trusting relationship)’
➢ Critical Skills to Develop
○ Nurses spend more time with patients.
○ Nurses must be able to recognize subtle cues from silent patients.
○ Integral part of helping relationships
➢ Main Purpose of Communication
1. Influence others - teaching, express caring and comfort , influencing others may be helpful or non-helpful.
2. Obtain information- assessment data, interview
COMPONENTS OF THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
SENDER
● source-encoder; person or group who convey messages.
● person has a thought, idea, or emotion to convey to another person.
● messages stem from a person’s need to relate to others, create meaning & to understand various situations
● decides on what language and words to use, arrange the words , tone and gestures
MESSAGE
● is the thought, idea, or emotion one person sends to another person.
● it is the stimulus produced by the sender
● alteration in the message depends on the person’s perception
● What is actually said or written
CHANNEL
● medium through which a message is transmitted.
● Major Channels:
1. VISUAL- sight, observation, perception - drawing, painting, pictures
2. AUDITORY- spoken words and cues, requires active listening - singing
3. KINESTHETIC- experiencing situations, procedural touch, caring touch - gestures (nodding, tapping feet etc), this involves feelings.
● Channel should be appropriate for the message
RECEIVER OR DECODER
● interprets, sort out the meaning of the message
● person or group to whom the message is sent
● Components involved:
a) physiological- sensory dysfunction(eyes,ears,taste, nose etc...), mental dullness
b) b) psychological - emotional character - fear of expressing one's ideas to others, excitement, emotional instability
c) c) cognitive - thinking or social skills , trouble making decisions, reasoning, Effective communication - meaning of the decoded message matches the intent of the sender
d) Ineffective communication - occurs when receiver misinterprets the sent messageorganization, insight
● Effective communication - meaning of the decoded message matches the intent of the sender
● Ineffective communication - occurs when receiver misinterprets the sent message
FEEDBACK OR RESPONSE
● the response from the receiver that enables the sender to verify that the message received was the message sent.
● allows the sender to correct or reword a message
INFLUENCES
● they are the person’s frame of reference
● involves: culture, age, emotions, education, language and attention
METHODS OF COMMUNICATION
● VERBAL COMMUNICATION
● NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
● ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
➢ The use of words, either spoken or written, to send a message.
METHODS OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Speaking/ Listening
● for communication to take place, both speaking & listening must occur
● simple - use of commonly understood words
● clear - direct precisely what is meant
● brevity -fewest words necessary
● timing and relevance - be sensitive to the needs and concerns of the patient, avoid asking several questions at a time
Pace and Intonation
● the manner of speech modifies the feeling and impact of the message
● rate of speech: indicates interest, anxiety, boredom, or fear.
● tone of voice: may be pleasant, sincere, sorrowful, sarcastic, joyful or angry.
Writing/ Reading
● the receiver reads the words.
● reader must understand the words &then attach meaning to them.
● Ex. Bad communication – Nurse charts “Patient uncooperative”. & Good communication – Nurse charts “Patient refused to eat lunch, refused to get out of bed and sit in chair.”
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION / BODY LANGUAGE
● transmission of message without the use of words.
● partly learned behavior partly instinct.
● generally done unconsciously
● can either reinforce or contradict what is said verbally.
● clarify any observation to validate
● * Essential skill to learn - observing and interpreting the client's non-verbal bahavior
WAYS OF COMMUNICATING NONVERBALLY
Gestures
● often referred to as “talking with hands”
● may be used to clarify a verbal message, to emphasize an idea, to hold another’s attention, or to relieve stress.
● Sign language
● pacing back and forth, tapping of the hands and feet
Facial Expressions
● some people have very expressive faces, others do not.
○ big smile = happy
○ “curled up” nose = displeasure
○ raised eyebrows?
○ emoji's (part of conveying facial expressions in text messages)
Posture and Gait
● good posture, with head held up, & a purposeful gait = self-confidence, competence & positive self-image
● stooped shoulders, downward-held head & shuffling gait= convey low self-esteem, depression, lack of confidence or apathy.
Eye Contact
● Generally interpreted as indicating interest & attention
● Lack of eye contact = indicate avoidance, disinterest or discomfort.
Body Position
● crossed arms = indicate withdrawal or cold behavior
● open position (arms held freely at the sides) = receptive attitude
Physical Appearance
● clean, neat, appropriately dressed = conveys a positive image, knowledge, & competence
● dirty, sloppy or inappropriately
● dressed =conveys the message of “I don’t care how I look”.
Touch
● Touch is a simple yet powerful means of non-verbal communication
● Purposes of touch:
○ Connects people
○ Provides affirmation (verification/confirmation)
○ Gives reassurance hope & encouragement
○ Shows warmth
○ Communicates caring
○ Provides stimulation (inspiration/motivation)
○ Decreases loneliness
○ Increases self esteem
● Guidelines in the use of touch as a means of communication between nurse and patient
○ Exhibit ability and sureness when touching the patient or when performing nursing procedure.
○ Seek permission before touching the client.
○ Touching a client must bring about a sense of security, rather than anxiety.
ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION
➢ type of communication with the use of electronic devices.
Examples of electronic communication devices that can be used in the care of clients.
● telephone – simplest form of telecommunication system
● cell phone – load information to be synchronized with the hospital’s IT system
● computers
● Televisions
● EMAILS
USES OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION IN HEALTH CARE
● Send requisitions to other depts. in the hospital
● Show safe dosages & drug interactions in hospital pharmacies
● Aid physicians in diagnosing and treating some conditions.
● Online documentation of patient care
● Electronic medical records (EMR)
● EMAILS - schedule and confirm appointments, report lab results, conduct client education
● Disadvantages:
○ client's privacy, confidentiality and potential misuse of information
○ not all have access to computer
THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION
● Sometimes called “effective communication”
● A purposeful & goal-directed communication creating a beneficial outcome for the client “helping relationship”
● Is safe, confidential, reliable, and consistent
● People usually need to deal with feelings before they can cope with other matters, such as learning new skills or planning for the future.
GOALS OF THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION
Develop trust
● introduce self & call client by name
● dress professionally & appropriately
● show client that you are listening
● be honest & keep your word
● show respect for client at all times
Obtain or provide information
● identify the most important need/s of the patient
Explore feelings
● assess the patient’s perception of the problem
● facilitate the patient’s expression of emotions
● Ask patient how they feel generally, specific health concerns, why he feels that way
● patient outcomes tend to improve when patients are well-informed about their health and feel empowered to make decisions
Show caring
● implement interventions designed to address the patient’s needs
● sharing deep and genuine concern about the welfare of another person
ELEMENTS OF THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION
● Warmth - makes the patient feel relaxed, welcomed & unjudged
● Caring - makes client feel important
● Genuiness - builds a trusting relationship, honest with another
● Empathy - understanding client with compassion
● Acceptance & Respect - lets clients know that they can be themselves, comfortable
● Self- Disclosure - encourages a reciprocal trust between nurse and client
● Active Listening - pay attention/ give time , the MOST EFFECTIVE
● - be mindful, use all senses
PHASES OF A THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP
Preinteraction phase (Planning Stage)
● Nurse has information about the patient before the meeting(name, age, address, medical history, social history)
● Nurse may become anxious during the planning stage
Orientation phase (Introductory Phase)
● Nurse and client observes each other and form judgments about each other’s behavior
● Goal: develop trust and security within the N-P relationship
● It sets the tone for the rest of the relationship
● Agree about - location, frequency and length of meeting, purpose, confidentiality, tasks, goals, duration
Working Phase
● Nurse & client begin to appreciate each other’s uniqueness
● They begin to care about each other
● Nurse and patient accomplish tasks
● Nurse helps the client to explore thoughts, feelings and action
● Nurse helps the client plan a program for action
Termination Phase
● Expected to be difficult & filled with ambivalence
● helpful for both nurse & client to express their feelings about termination openly and honestly.
● feeling of loss in this stage is normal
THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES
Clarifying/ Validating
● A method of making the client’s broad overall meaning of the message more understandable.
● To clarify the message, the nurse can restate the basic message or confess confusion and ask the client to repeat or restate the message.
● Nurses can also clarify their own message with statements.
● Verify the meaning of specific words.
Open-ended questions
● Asking broad questions that lead or invite the client to explore thoughts or feelings.
● Open-ended questions specify only the topic to be discussed and invite answers that are longer than one or two words.
Giving information
● Providing, in a simple and direct manner, specific factual information the client may or may not request.
● When information is not known, the nurse states this and indicates who has it or when the nurse will obtain it.
Reflecting
● Directing ideas, feelings, questions, or content back to clients to enable them to explore their own ideas and feelings about a situation.
Paraphrasing/ Restating
● Actively listening for the client’s basic message and then repeating those thoughts and/or feelings. Because tactile contacts vary considerably among individuals, families and cultures, the nurse must be sensitive to the differences in attitudes and practices of clients and self.
Summarizing
● Stating the main points of a discussion to clarify the relevant points discussed. This technique is useful at the end of an interview or to review a health teaching session. It often acts as an introduction to future care planning.
Focusing
● Helping the client expand on and develop a topic of importance. It is important for the nurse to wait until the client finishes stating the main concerns before attempting to focus.
Silence
● accepting pauses or silences that may extend for several seconds or minutes without interjecting any verbal response.
Active Listening
● The process of listening attentively while someone else speaks, paraphrasing, and reflecting back what is said and withholding judgment and advice.
● LEAN FORWARD AND FACE THE SPEAKER
BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
● CLICHÉS – phrases or statements used without thinking of the impact on the other person
● FALSE REASSURANCE – assurances which are not founded in reality.
● JUDGMENTAL RESPONSES – giving opinions based on the nurse’s personal value system & imply right or wrong
● GIVING COMMON ADVICE – offering personal rather than professional opinion. Telling the client what he should do which may not be an expert advice.
● STEREOTYPING – categorizing the client & ignoring individual differences
● BELITTLING – conveying to the person that his thoughts or feelings really have no value
● BEING DEFENSIVE – attempt to protect self or another person from negative comments
● PROBING – asking for information chiefly out of curiosity rather than with the intent to assist the client.
● CHANGING THE SUBJECT – directing the communication into areas of self-interest rather than client’s concerns
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION CAN RESULT TO:
● Collection of Assessment data
● Initiation / application of intervention
● Evaluation of outcomes of intervention
● Initiation of changes that promotes Health
● Prevention of Legal Problems
NURSING AS AN ART IN COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION (INTERPERSONAL)
➢ Definition: A two- way process involving the sending and the receiving of a message thereby exchanging information or feelings between 2 or more people.
➢ Communication in Nursing
○ Process of transmitting thoughts, feelings, information and other verbal and non-verbal behavior.
○ The vehicle for establishing a therapeutic relationship with a client. (Trusting relationship)’
➢ Critical Skills to Develop
○ Nurses spend more time with patients.
○ Nurses must be able to recognize subtle cues from silent patients.
○ Integral part of helping relationships
➢ Main Purpose of Communication
1. Influence others - teaching, express caring and comfort , influencing others may be helpful or non-helpful.
2. Obtain information- assessment data, interview
COMPONENTS OF THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
SENDER
● source-encoder; person or group who convey messages.
● person has a thought, idea, or emotion to convey to another person.
● messages stem from a person’s need to relate to others, create meaning & to understand various situations
● decides on what language and words to use, arrange the words , tone and gestures
MESSAGE
● is the thought, idea, or emotion one person sends to another person.
● it is the stimulus produced by the sender
● alteration in the message depends on the person’s perception
● What is actually said or written
CHANNEL
● medium through which a message is transmitted.
● Major Channels:
1. VISUAL- sight, observation, perception - drawing, painting, pictures
2. AUDITORY- spoken words and cues, requires active listening - singing
3. KINESTHETIC- experiencing situations, procedural touch, caring touch - gestures (nodding, tapping feet etc), this involves feelings.
● Channel should be appropriate for the message
RECEIVER OR DECODER
● interprets, sort out the meaning of the message
● person or group to whom the message is sent
● Components involved:
a) physiological- sensory dysfunction(eyes,ears,taste, nose etc...), mental dullness
b) b) psychological - emotional character - fear of expressing one's ideas to others, excitement, emotional instability
c) c) cognitive - thinking or social skills , trouble making decisions, reasoning, Effective communication - meaning of the decoded message matches the intent of the sender
d) Ineffective communication - occurs when receiver misinterprets the sent messageorganization, insight
● Effective communication - meaning of the decoded message matches the intent of the sender
● Ineffective communication - occurs when receiver misinterprets the sent message
FEEDBACK OR RESPONSE
● the response from the receiver that enables the sender to verify that the message received was the message sent.
● allows the sender to correct or reword a message
INFLUENCES
● they are the person’s frame of reference
● involves: culture, age, emotions, education, language and attention
METHODS OF COMMUNICATION
● VERBAL COMMUNICATION
● NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
● ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
➢ The use of words, either spoken or written, to send a message.
METHODS OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Speaking/ Listening
● for communication to take place, both speaking & listening must occur
● simple - use of commonly understood words
● clear - direct precisely what is meant
● brevity -fewest words necessary
● timing and relevance - be sensitive to the needs and concerns of the patient, avoid asking several questions at a time
Pace and Intonation
● the manner of speech modifies the feeling and impact of the message
● rate of speech: indicates interest, anxiety, boredom, or fear.
● tone of voice: may be pleasant, sincere, sorrowful, sarcastic, joyful or angry.
Writing/ Reading
● the receiver reads the words.
● reader must understand the words &then attach meaning to them.
● Ex. Bad communication – Nurse charts “Patient uncooperative”. & Good communication – Nurse charts “Patient refused to eat lunch, refused to get out of bed and sit in chair.”
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION / BODY LANGUAGE
● transmission of message without the use of words.
● partly learned behavior partly instinct.
● generally done unconsciously
● can either reinforce or contradict what is said verbally.
● clarify any observation to validate
● * Essential skill to learn - observing and interpreting the client's non-verbal bahavior
WAYS OF COMMUNICATING NONVERBALLY
Gestures
● often referred to as “talking with hands”
● may be used to clarify a verbal message, to emphasize an idea, to hold another’s attention, or to relieve stress.
● Sign language
● pacing back and forth, tapping of the hands and feet
Facial Expressions
● some people have very expressive faces, others do not.
○ big smile = happy
○ “curled up” nose = displeasure
○ raised eyebrows?
○ emoji's (part of conveying facial expressions in text messages)
Posture and Gait
● good posture, with head held up, & a purposeful gait = self-confidence, competence & positive self-image
● stooped shoulders, downward-held head & shuffling gait= convey low self-esteem, depression, lack of confidence or apathy.
Eye Contact
● Generally interpreted as indicating interest & attention
● Lack of eye contact = indicate avoidance, disinterest or discomfort.
Body Position
● crossed arms = indicate withdrawal or cold behavior
● open position (arms held freely at the sides) = receptive attitude
Physical Appearance
● clean, neat, appropriately dressed = conveys a positive image, knowledge, & competence
● dirty, sloppy or inappropriately
● dressed =conveys the message of “I don’t care how I look”.
Touch
● Touch is a simple yet powerful means of non-verbal communication
● Purposes of touch:
○ Connects people
○ Provides affirmation (verification/confirmation)
○ Gives reassurance hope & encouragement
○ Shows warmth
○ Communicates caring
○ Provides stimulation (inspiration/motivation)
○ Decreases loneliness
○ Increases self esteem
● Guidelines in the use of touch as a means of communication between nurse and patient
○ Exhibit ability and sureness when touching the patient or when performing nursing procedure.
○ Seek permission before touching the client.
○ Touching a client must bring about a sense of security, rather than anxiety.
ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION
➢ type of communication with the use of electronic devices.
Examples of electronic communication devices that can be used in the care of clients.
● telephone – simplest form of telecommunication system
● cell phone – load information to be synchronized with the hospital’s IT system
● computers
● Televisions
● EMAILS
USES OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION IN HEALTH CARE
● Send requisitions to other depts. in the hospital
● Show safe dosages & drug interactions in hospital pharmacies
● Aid physicians in diagnosing and treating some conditions.
● Online documentation of patient care
● Electronic medical records (EMR)
● EMAILS - schedule and confirm appointments, report lab results, conduct client education
● Disadvantages:
○ client's privacy, confidentiality and potential misuse of information
○ not all have access to computer
THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION
● Sometimes called “effective communication”
● A purposeful & goal-directed communication creating a beneficial outcome for the client “helping relationship”
● Is safe, confidential, reliable, and consistent
● People usually need to deal with feelings before they can cope with other matters, such as learning new skills or planning for the future.
GOALS OF THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION
Develop trust
● introduce self & call client by name
● dress professionally & appropriately
● show client that you are listening
● be honest & keep your word
● show respect for client at all times
Obtain or provide information
● identify the most important need/s of the patient
Explore feelings
● assess the patient’s perception of the problem
● facilitate the patient’s expression of emotions
● Ask patient how they feel generally, specific health concerns, why he feels that way
● patient outcomes tend to improve when patients are well-informed about their health and feel empowered to make decisions
Show caring
● implement interventions designed to address the patient’s needs
● sharing deep and genuine concern about the welfare of another person
ELEMENTS OF THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION
● Warmth - makes the patient feel relaxed, welcomed & unjudged
● Caring - makes client feel important
● Genuiness - builds a trusting relationship, honest with another
● Empathy - understanding client with compassion
● Acceptance & Respect - lets clients know that they can be themselves, comfortable
● Self- Disclosure - encourages a reciprocal trust between nurse and client
● Active Listening - pay attention/ give time , the MOST EFFECTIVE
● - be mindful, use all senses
PHASES OF A THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP
Preinteraction phase (Planning Stage)
● Nurse has information about the patient before the meeting(name, age, address, medical history, social history)
● Nurse may become anxious during the planning stage
Orientation phase (Introductory Phase)
● Nurse and client observes each other and form judgments about each other’s behavior
● Goal: develop trust and security within the N-P relationship
● It sets the tone for the rest of the relationship
● Agree about - location, frequency and length of meeting, purpose, confidentiality, tasks, goals, duration
Working Phase
● Nurse & client begin to appreciate each other’s uniqueness
● They begin to care about each other
● Nurse and patient accomplish tasks
● Nurse helps the client to explore thoughts, feelings and action
● Nurse helps the client plan a program for action
Termination Phase
● Expected to be difficult & filled with ambivalence
● helpful for both nurse & client to express their feelings about termination openly and honestly.
● feeling of loss in this stage is normal
THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES
Clarifying/ Validating
● A method of making the client’s broad overall meaning of the message more understandable.
● To clarify the message, the nurse can restate the basic message or confess confusion and ask the client to repeat or restate the message.
● Nurses can also clarify their own message with statements.
● Verify the meaning of specific words.
Open-ended questions
● Asking broad questions that lead or invite the client to explore thoughts or feelings.
● Open-ended questions specify only the topic to be discussed and invite answers that are longer than one or two words.
Giving information
● Providing, in a simple and direct manner, specific factual information the client may or may not request.
● When information is not known, the nurse states this and indicates who has it or when the nurse will obtain it.
Reflecting
● Directing ideas, feelings, questions, or content back to clients to enable them to explore their own ideas and feelings about a situation.
Paraphrasing/ Restating
● Actively listening for the client’s basic message and then repeating those thoughts and/or feelings. Because tactile contacts vary considerably among individuals, families and cultures, the nurse must be sensitive to the differences in attitudes and practices of clients and self.
Summarizing
● Stating the main points of a discussion to clarify the relevant points discussed. This technique is useful at the end of an interview or to review a health teaching session. It often acts as an introduction to future care planning.
Focusing
● Helping the client expand on and develop a topic of importance. It is important for the nurse to wait until the client finishes stating the main concerns before attempting to focus.
Silence
● accepting pauses or silences that may extend for several seconds or minutes without interjecting any verbal response.
Active Listening
● The process of listening attentively while someone else speaks, paraphrasing, and reflecting back what is said and withholding judgment and advice.
● LEAN FORWARD AND FACE THE SPEAKER
BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
● CLICHÉS – phrases or statements used without thinking of the impact on the other person
● FALSE REASSURANCE – assurances which are not founded in reality.
● JUDGMENTAL RESPONSES – giving opinions based on the nurse’s personal value system & imply right or wrong
● GIVING COMMON ADVICE – offering personal rather than professional opinion. Telling the client what he should do which may not be an expert advice.
● STEREOTYPING – categorizing the client & ignoring individual differences
● BELITTLING – conveying to the person that his thoughts or feelings really have no value
● BEING DEFENSIVE – attempt to protect self or another person from negative comments
● PROBING – asking for information chiefly out of curiosity rather than with the intent to assist the client.
● CHANGING THE SUBJECT – directing the communication into areas of self-interest rather than client’s concerns
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION CAN RESULT TO:
● Collection of Assessment data
● Initiation / application of intervention
● Evaluation of outcomes of intervention
● Initiation of changes that promotes Health
● Prevention of Legal Problems