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Com chapter 3 04/03/2025

Definitions

  • Halo Effect

    • The phenomenon where a person's positive qualities lead others to overlook their shortcomings.

    • Example: A friendly person might be seen as more competent than they actually are due to their likable demeanor.

  • Horn Effect

    • The opposite of the halo effect; negative traits overshadow positive attributes.

    • Example: A poorly dressed person might be judged as untrustworthy regardless of their actual ability or character.

Perception and Its Importance

  • Definition of Perception

    • How individuals view the world and interpret experiences. This shapes their worldview.

  • Stereotyping

    • A process where people categorize others based on limited information and preconceived notions.

  • Influences on Perception

    • Family, friends, education, social media, music, environment. These factors condition our views and responses.

The Role of Perceptual Filters

  • Perceptual Set

    • Also known as frame of reference, it describes how our experiences and background influence our interpretations of stimuli.

  • Stages of Perception

      1. Stimuli

      • Known as salience—what grabs our attention based on our likes, dislikes, or experiences.

      1. Organization of Stimuli

      • How we categorize and make sense of information.

      1. Interpretation

      • How we make meaning of what we perceive.

Selection Process in Perception

  • Selective Exposure

    • The deliberate choices we make about the information we consume based on our preferences.

  • Selective Attention

    • Focusing on certain stimuli that meet our needs and interests.

  • Selective Retention

    • Remembering information that impacts us personally, often leading to long-lasting impressions.

Impact of Experiences on Perception

  • People’s perceptions evolve over time due to their experiences. Understanding others’ backgrounds provides insight into their perspectives.

  • Closure

    • The human tendency to fill in gaps with information based on assumptions and stereotypes, which can lead to misinterpretations.

Proximity and Similarities

  • Proximity

    • The idea that people who are close together share similarities and are grouped together, leading to assumptions about their characteristics.

  • Similarities

    • Making comparisons based on observable traits like appearance, leading to stereotyping.

Critical Thinking and Self-Reflection

  • Encouraged to consider how personal experiences affect perception and judgments.

  • Assessment of one’s own biases and the factors shaping their worldview is essential for growth and understanding.

Real-World Applications

  • Real-life examples highlight how preconceived notions based on perception can lead to misunderstandings and misjudgments in various scenarios, including social interactions and professional environments.