Com chapter 3 04/03/2025

Definitions

• Halo Effect

  • The phenomenon where a person's positive qualities lead others to overlook their shortcomings.

  • Example: A friendly person might be seen as more competent than they actually are due to their likable demeanor.

• Horn Effect

  • The opposite of the halo effect; negative traits overshadow positive attributes.

  • Example: A poorly dressed person might be judged as untrustworthy regardless of their actual ability or character.

Perception and Its Importance

• Definition of Perception

  • How individuals view the world and interpret experiences. This shapes their worldview.

• Stereotyping

  • A process where people categorize others based on limited information and preconceived notions.

• Influences on Perception

  • Family, friends, education, social media, music, environment. These factors condition our views and responses.

The Role of Perceptual Filters

• Perceptual Set

  • Also known as frame of reference, it describes how our experiences and background influence our interpretations of stimuli.

• Stages of Perception

  • 1. Stimuli

    • Known as salience—what grabs our attention based on our likes, dislikes, or experiences.

  • 2. Organization of Stimuli

    • How we categorize and make sense of information.

  • 3. Interpretation

    • How we make meaning of what we perceive.

Selection Process in Perception

• Selective Exposure

  • The deliberate choices we make about the information we consume based on our preferences.

• Selective Attention

  • Focusing on certain stimuli that meet our needs and interests.

• Selective Retention

  • Remembering information that impacts us personally, often leading to long-lasting impressions.

Impact of Experiences on Perception

• People’s perceptions evolve over time due to their experiences. Understanding others’ backgrounds provides insight into their perspectives.

• Closure

  • The human tendency to fill in gaps with information based on assumptions and stereotypes, which can lead to misinterpretations.

Proximity and Similarities

• Proximity

  • The idea that people who are close together share similarities and are grouped together, leading to assumptions about their characteristics.

• Similarities

  • Making comparisons based on observable traits like appearance, leading to stereotyping.

Critical Thinking and Self-Reflection

• Encouraged to consider how personal experiences affect perception and judgments.

• Assessment of one’s own biases and the factors shaping their worldview is essential for growth and understanding.

Real-World Applications

• Real-life examples highlight how preconceived notions based on perception can lead to misunderstandings and misjudgments in various scenarios, including social interactions and professional environments.