ORIGINS/CLASSICAL

Defines 3 parts kinds of public speaking:

Legal or Forensic = Happens in a courtrooms and calls out concern for past actions

Politics or deliberative = Happens in legislative assemblies and calls people to move with further action

ceremonial or epideictic = Used to strengthened shared beliefs about current state affairs

Persuasive Speeches:

Invention: A persuasive way to present information and your arguments

Arrangement: Organization of your speech and ensure persuasion is presented

Style: Use striking language appropriate to the topic you want to persuade people to

Memory: Use mnemonics devices

Delivery : Effective gestures and body language along with vocal cues

Overall influence:

Successful reformed a system

Defined this system in a simple way such as purpose, audience, composition, argumentation, organization, and style.

Known as the fundamentals of rhetoric

MEDIEVAL

Christianity:

Doubted pagan rhetoric due to how it lacked usefulness in the new religion

^ Viewed Rhetoric as the Greco-Roman culture

Generated Rhetoric and probable knowledge through commonplaces

Chritstian knowledge comes from revelations

Augustine favors rhetoric of persuasion (5th C.E.)

Rhetoric is essential for defending and presenting Christian principles and beliefs

Middle age Rhetoric and its Impact:

Boethius and other scholars summarized classical rhetoric summarized classical rhetoric to a few lines rather than a extensive theory

This approach stuck for 800 years post Augustine and Boethius

The Church preserved the classic texts

Rhetoric produced rules for preaching and legal letters of Churches and Secular Governments

After the 12th Century manuals of preaching and letter writing were created

People began to study style and associated it with verse composition

Rhetoric's use in informal political interactions, like royal court negotiations, was increasingly recognized.

RENAISSANCE

Stylistic Rhetoric in the Renaissance:

Studying of figurative language gave names to phrases and sentences

Emphasis on a writer's style due to new interest in classical learning

Speaking without “using” was impossible

Clever rhetoric focusing on figures' names and demonstrations of their use was a significant occupation.

Terms like colon, comma, apostrophe, and parenthesis were integrated into vernacular grammar.

The focus was mainly on style and statement forms, not social situations.

Private Discourse in Rhetoric

- Renaissance humanists started to expand the way letter writings are done and also to include private and public forms of communication

Late 17th century private conversations were seen by rhetorical

Madeleine de Scudéry's placed rhetoric at the center of political power in a society governed by monarchs.

Scudéry's was know for her influence at Louis XIV’s court and courtly dialogues

Ramus

Peter Ramus proposed reform of dialectic and rhetoric in 16th century

Dialectic was a system that aimed to perfect syllogism, while rhetoric offered truth to the public

Separated invention and arrangement from rhetoric reassigning it ot dialectic

Believed contiguous fields should not overlap, especially when one has a superior method

Ramus’s scheme is confined to style , memory , and delivery

Opposed by Ciceronians who argued for all five parts of classical composing process

Science, Epistemology and Rhetoric:

Ramistic overturned by inductive orientation of a new approach to science.

Bacon argued syllogism cannot discover anything new

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

John locke argued that language should only be used in a generalizations (general statements) to avoid language becoming cumbersome (heavy)

Suggested that generalities are ideas created by humans but not truly concepts

Blamed rhetoric for making language worse

Stylistic extravagance could make language clear

Lead to reform call of Rhetoric as people called to moderate reliance on invention topics

Syllogistic to be limited to avoid fallacies

Clearness > Style

Reforms led to sophisticated rhetoric

Giambattista Vico challenged epistemological (theory of knowledge between justified beliefs and opinions )

^ against Cartesianism cue to relying on probability rather than truth

Ideas had little influence

NINETEENTH CENTURY

Rhetoric and psychology connected

Alexander brain taught rhetoric and wrote a textbook on written comparison

Argues that figures of speech are able to reflect the mental operations

Invention combines the knowledge of subject and syllogistic reasoning

Public speaking shifted as white women and men of color start to gain a larger platform

Rhetoric started to consider diversity of race and sex (West Freud’s)

Argues that Freud’s work focused on hidden meaning in speeches

Rhetoric became an adjunct of English literature taught in schools, probabilistic arguments are the basis of legal, ethical, and practical decisions.

Rhetoric continued on focus on the structure of its appeals

MODERN AND POSTMODERN

20th Century

Richards rhetoric fixes the proper meaning fallacy by making a argument that meaning is a function of contect

Perelman: powerful alternative to formal logic for practical reasoning.

Perelman warning against that knowledge is absolute

Modern Rhetorical theory focus on source and status of knowledge

Foucalut’s focus on Discourse and Knowledge

Studies on how different races and genders use language

Here’s a breakdown of the key terms and concepts you provided:

### 1. Six Historical Periods of Rhetorical Development

- Classical Period (Greece & Rome)

- Medieval Period (Church dominance)

- Renaissance Period (Rediscovery of classical texts)

- Enlightenment Period (Emphasis on logic and science)

- 19th Century (Link between rhetoric and psychology)

- Modern/Postmodern (Diverse approaches to rhetoric, audience)

### 2. Origins/Classical Rhetoric

- Emerged in Ancient Greece with philosophers like Aristotle, Plato, and Sophists. Rhetoric was used for persuasion in politics, law, and education.

### 3. Three Types of Rhetorical Discourse

- Forensic (legal, determining guilt or innocence)

- Deliberative (political, determining the best course of action for the future)

- Epideictic (ceremonial, praise or blame)

### 4. Psychology and Audience Analysis: Aristotle’s Perspective

- Aristotle believed in understanding the psychological state of the audience to craft persuasive arguments. Tailoring appeals to emotions (pathos), logic (logos), and character (ethos) is key.

### 5. Preparation of a Speech (IMSAD)

- Invention: Developing arguments

- Memory: Memorizing the speech

- Style: Choosing language and structure

- Arrangement: Organizing arguments logically

- Delivery: Presenting with effective speech techniques

### 6. Medieval

- Rhetoric was used by the Church for spreading Christianity and was more focused on religious doctrine.

### 7. Perspective of the Church

- The Church used rhetoric to control and guide the interpretation of Scripture. Rhetoric became a tool for persuasion in theological debates.

### 8. Augustine

- St. Augustine adapted classical rhetoric to Christian teachings, using it to persuade and explain religious concepts.

### 9. Renaissance

- Revival of classical rhetoric. Figures like Cicero and Quintilian were studied, and rhetoric was applied to literature, politics, and art.

### 10. Private Discourse

- Refers to informal, personal conversations, often focusing on intimate or individual matters.

### 11. Public Discourse by Women

- Women’s rhetorical participation was limited historically, but in the Renaissance and Enlightenment periods, women like Mary Astell began engaging in public debate, advocating for women’s education and rights.

### 12. Bacon’s Perspective on Knowledge and Rhetoric

- Francis Bacon saw rhetoric as the means to communicate scientific knowledge clearly and persuasively, bridging the gap between learning and common understanding.

### 13. Enlightenment

- A period emphasizing reason, logic, and scientific thinking. Rhetoric evolved to accommodate rational discourse and inquiry.

### 14. Locke’s Perspective on Knowledge and Rhetoric

- John Locke was skeptical of rhetoric’s capacity to contribute to knowledge. He viewed it as potentially manipulative and believed in clear, direct communication over ornamentation.

### 15. 19th Century

- Rhetoric became intertwined with psychology, as it was believed that understanding the mind could lead to more effective persuasion.

### 16. Rhetoric and Psychology

- In the 19th century, understanding the audience’s mental and emotional state became central to effective persuasion.

### 17. Modern and Postmodern

- Modern rhetoric explored a variety of media and messages, while postmodern rhetoric questions the nature of language, truth, and meaning itself.

### 18. Evolution of Audiences and Speakers

- Audiences have become more diverse and fragmented, requiring speakers to adapt their rhetoric to different cultural, social, and ideological contexts.

### 19. Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle / Modern Rhetorical Triangle

- Aristotle’s Triangle consists of three components:

- Ethos: The credibility of the speaker

- Pathos: Emotional appeal to the audience

- Logos: Logical argumentation

- The modern triangle adapts these principles for contemporary audiences, considering media and new modes of communication.

### 20. Components and Corresponding Rhetorical Appeals

- Ethos: Credibility or ethical appeal

- Pathos: Emotional appeal

- Logos: Logical appeal

### 21. SOAPS²Tone: Tool for Rhetorical Analysis

- Speaker: Who is talking?

- Occasion: What is the context?

- Audience: Who is being addressed?

- Purpose: What is the goal?

- Subject: What is being discussed?

- Style and Tone: What is the speaker’s attitude?

### 22. SPERM: The Major Contexts

- Social, Political, Economic, Religious, Military contexts impact rhetorical discourse.

### 23. Concession and Refutation

- Concession: Acknowledging a valid point from the opposition

- Refutation: Arguing against that point to strengthen your own position

### 24. Freytag’s Triangle

- A structure for dramatic works:

- Exposition

- Rising Action

- Climax

- Falling Action

- Denouement

### 25. Examples of Famous Speeches

- Lou Gehrig’s Farewell Speech

- George W. Bush’s 9/11 Address

- King George’s War Address

- Judith Ortiz Cofer’s "The Myth of the Latin Woman"

### 26. Ethos, Logos, Pathos

- Ethos: Appeal to credibility/authority

- Logos: Appeal to reason/logic

- Pathos: Appeal to emotions