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Cogntive Psychology - Chapter 1 Review
The cognitive approach is a theoretical orientation that emphasizes a person’s:
a) observable behaviors.
b) unconscious emotions.
c) social interactions with other people.
d) mental processes and knowledge.
Which of the following statements is correct?
a) A reflex such as a knee-jerk reflex is an example of cognition.
b) Cognition refers to the acquisition and retrieval of knowledge, but not the use of that knowledge.
c) “Cognitive psychology” is sometimes used as a synonym for “cognition.”
d) Cognitive psychology emphasizes mental processes that are easily observable.
Which of the following statements best captures the scope of cognition?
a) Cognition includes every internal experience that humans have.
b) We use cognition when we acquire, store, transform, and use knowledge.
c) Cognition primarily emphasizes higher mental processes, such as problem solving and decision making.
d) Cognition is more concerned with visible actions, such as motor activities, than with activities that cannot be seen by an outside observer.
During the first half of the 20th century, some strict behaviorists:
a) claimed that scientific psychology should rely only on operational definitions of
introspective reports.
b) said that psychology should focus only on objective reactions to environmental stimuli.
c) advocated research on human cognition instead of on animal cognition and computer cognition.
d) developed the parallel distributed processing (PDP) approach to understanding behavior.
The rise of cognitive psychology was heavily influenced by:
a) the rise of behaviorism, which provided cognitive psychologists new ways to measure memory and thinking.
b) the rise of Gestalt psychology, which provided clinical psychologists with new ways to conduct psychoanalysis.
c) disenchantment with behaviorism and fascination with developments in linguistics, memory, and developmental psychology.
d) disenchantment with behaviorism and fascination with emerging psychoanalytic studies of human adjustment.
All of the following contributed to the rise of cognitive psychology EXCEPT for:
a) Noam Chomsky’s arguments about the inadequacy of behaviorist principles for fully explaining human language acquisition.
b) the lack of interest in understanding how humans internally store (or represent) information in their minds.
c) increased interest in human memory.
d) the publication of Neisser’s Cognitive Psychology.
Gestalt psychology emphasizes:
a) observable, objective reactions.
b) the introspective technique.
c) emotional causes of behavior.
d) the basic human tendency to organize our perceptions.
According to the principle of ecological validity:
a) experiments should be as carefully controlled as possible, in order to avoid confounding variables.
b) laboratory settings should be employed whenever possible.
c) behavior should be initially studied in its simplest, most basic form; more complex kinds of behavior should be studied later on.
d) experiments should be conducted that will have some application to experience outside the laboratory.
In the information-processing approach:
a) principles of Gestalt psychology are applied to the scientific study of overt behavior.
b) a mental process can be understood by comparison with the operations of a computer.
c) introspection, one of the oldest techniques in psychology, is the best research technique.
d) a mental process always involves conscious problem solving and decision making.
The distinction between whether or not cognitive activities are performed as a sequence of separate operations or as a simultaneous processing of many signals involves the issues of __________ and ____________.
a) serial processing and parallel processing.
b) serial processing and interconnection processing.
c) computer simulation mathematics.
d) computer simulation and parallel distributed processing.
Which of the following statements best describes cognitive science?
a) Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of internal representations involved in thinking.
b) Cognitive science is a subdiscipline of psychology that focuses on observable stimuli and external responses.
c) Cognitive science declined in popularity as cognitive psychology
increased in popularity.
d) Cognitive science is a subdiscipline of computer science that uses pure AI and computer simulation methods.
An important characteristic of the connectionist approach to cognition is that:
a) it handles information by processing it one step at a time.
b) it first analyzes an object’s shape, then its size, and finally its color.
c) it can perform many operations at the same time.
d) it predicts that humans perform cognitive tasks much more accurately than they actually do.
A research team is trying to identify the cognitive deficits of a man who had a stroke that affected a small portion in the left temporal lobe of his brain. This approach to studying the brain examines:
a) the single-cell recording technique.
b) brain lesions.
c) parallel distributed processing.
d) the event-related potential technique.
Which of the following statements is true about cognition, in connection with the themes of this textbook?
a) Most cognitive processes can be studied in isolation, without reference to other processes.
b) Although some cognitive processes are active, most are passive.
c) Most cognitive theories propose that humans actively examine the world for information.
d) Cognitive processes handle neutral information better than positive information.
Suppose that you are accustomed to a certain bus stopping on a specific corner near your college campus. A bus stops, and you think that it’s your customary bus. You fail to notice that the side of the bus has a totally different company name. The process that led to your misidentifying the bus is called:
a) serial processing.
b) parallel processing.
c) bottom-up processing.
d) top-down processing.
The kind of processing that emphasizes how your sensory receptors register information is called:
a) serial processing.
b) parallel processing.
c) bottom-up processing.
d) top-down processing.
One of the themes of your textbook focuses on bottom-up and top-down processing. According to this theme:
a) the phrase “top-down processing” points out the importance of the information contained in the stimulus.
b) bottom-up processing is almost always more important than top-down processing.
c) top-down processing is more important in childhood, but bottom-up processing is more important in adulthood.
d) both top-down processing and bottom-up processing operate at the same time, so that our cognitive processes can operate efficiently.