vocabulary
soluble - capable of being dissolved
solute - substance that is dissolved (usually lesser amount)
solvent - substance that dissolves the solute (usually greater amount)
solution - homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase
solubility - the amount of a substance of a solute required to form a saturated solution with a specific amount of solvent at a specified temperature
electrolyte - substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts electric current
non electrolyte - substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that does not conduct electric current
saturated solution - contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute
unsaturated solution - contains less solute than a saturated solution under the same conditions
supersaturated solution - contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution contains under the same conditions
concentrated solution - contains a relatively high amount of dissolved solute
diluted concentration - contains a relatively low amount of dissolved solute
aqueous - dissolved in water
molarity(M) - (moles solute)/(liters solution)
suspension - heterogeneous mixture in which the particles are so large that they settle out unless the mixture is constantly agitated
colloid - heterogeneous mixture in which the particles are intermediate in size
miscible - two liquids are miscible if they dissolve in each other in all proportions
immiscible - liquids are not soluble in each other
effervescence - rapid escape of a gas from a liquid in which it is dissolved (soda)
factors that affect solubility
⋆⋆composition is the only factor that determines whether or not something dissolves⋆⋆
↳ like dissolves like - polar solute will dissolve polar+ionic solutes, etc for nonpolar
factors that affect rate of dissolution
ways to express “strength”/concentration
properties of acids
properties of bases
Arrhenius Acids and Bases
Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
Bronsted-Lowry Acid is a proton donor
Bronsted-Lowry Base is a proton acceptor
the stronger an acid is, the weaker its conjugate base
the stronger a base is, the weaker its conjugate acid
Self Ionization of Water
pH
defined as the negative of the common logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration
neutralization occurs when hydronium ions and hydroxide ions are supplied in equal numbers by reactants [H+]=[OH-]
titration - the controlled addition and measurement of the amount of known concentration required to react completely with a measured amount of a solution of unknown concentration
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