PSYCH CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY (5)
Coping: alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods
Problem focused coping: trying to alleviate stress by changing stressor how we interact with that stressor
When we think stress is a problem to be solved, sense of control over situation
Emotion focused coping: attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring stressor and just focusing on emotional needs related to how we react to the stress
We think we do not have control over situation, we use strategies like reaching out to others, mediation, and eating comfort foods
Perceived lack of control
Personal control: sense of controlling environment versus feeling helpless
Learned helplessness: the hopelessness and passive resignation humans and other animals learn when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
Just giving up even when u can escape, think you can't, overtime learn to be helpless
Types of Control
Internal locs control: think and know that we ourselves are more control
have more success, independence, less depression, better health
External locus control: thinking that outside forces out of our control, control our fate
More stress, anxiety and ptsd
Self - control: delay instant gratification and control impulses for greater long-term rewards
Willpower depletion effect: some research says when we use self-control, it becomes weaker and needs to replenish itselt
Effects of lack of control on health:
Thinking we have no control makes us vulnerable to illnesses
Economic status and longevity connects to lack of personal control that comes with poverty
More feeling of control improves health and wellness
Too much choice can bring info overload and increase feelings of regret
Social support vs. social isolation, the support is better for you mentally and physically to increase happiness and health
Feel-good-do-good phenomenon: people most likely to do good when in good mood
Positive psychology: study of human flourishing with goal of promoting strengths and virtues to create well- being, resilience, and positive emotions to help people and communities
Studies positive emotions, positive characteristics, and enabling institutions
Happinesses is central to human behavior, happy people thinks world is safer, more confident and cooperate more easily
Can predict future success in relationships
What's right with you in psychology vs. focusing on what's wrong
Subjective well-being: self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life, looking at actually things to identify people's lives, all opiniated, what does happiness mean to you
Relative deprivation: idea that we are worse off them those who we compare ourselves with
Adaptation-level phenomenon: tendency to form judgments based on prior experiences from a defined neutral point or level
Happens to bring us down back to neutral, feeling elated and riding the wave but then going back to normal level emotions
Extreme inequality: at some point when you own so much money, it does nothing to promote to your happiness, is socially toxic and can affect happiness levels
Income satiation: the amount of money that can buy happiness or bring you happiness and anything over doesn't really change your emotions
Happy people share similarities in nature and nurture
Small gene effects/similarities
Our experiences balance around a level defined by our experiences
Culture influences traits we value
National policies that increase prosperity, equity, trust, and freedoms can change individual levels of happiness
Broaden and build theory: positive emotions broaden our awareness overtime builds novel and meaningful skills and resilience that improve well-being
Character strength and virtues: classification system to identify positive traits organized into categories of wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence
Resilience: personal strength that helps cope with stress and recover from trauma or issues
Aerobic exercise: sustained exercise that increase heart and lung fitness also helps alleviate depression and anxiety
Biofeedback: recording amplifying and feeding back information about subtle physiological changes
Mindfulness meditation: being aware of your body awareness and calm yourself and emotions, more receptive and relaxed
Gratitude: appreciative emotion people experience when they benefit from other's actions or recognize their own good fortune
Faith factor: religious activity can affect health and longevity, correlation not causation though can influence statistics |
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Benefits of exercise:
Can boost mood, muscles relaxation, and produce sounder sleep
Promote neurogenesis and increase mood lifting neuro transmitters such as endorphins and serotonin
Can improve self-image and confidence
Psychological disorder: collection of symptoms marked by a disruption to thoughts, emotions or behaviors that causes distress or suffering
Dysfunctional/maladaptive: interfere with normal daily life
Medical model: look at mental disorders as diseases as a health movement to be diagnosed, with symptoms, treatment, and therapy such as any other illness
Culture-bound: associated with specific cultures
Diathesis- Stress model: assumes that individual genetic predispositions combine with environmental stressors to influence psychological disorder
Epigenetics: how DNA and environment interact
Comorbidity/Co-occurrence: one disorder diagnose is higher risk for another
DSM-5-TR: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders; most common tool used to describe disorders
Immigrant paradox: immigrants have less risk of mental disorder than their same culture counterparts born in US, ironic
View of problem influences how we solve it
Philippe Pinel: a reformer who believed in madness as mental caused by stress and being treated poorly, saying must talk to patients and boost their moral to help them, give good conditions
Anxiety disorders: distressing, persistent anxiety by dysfunctional anxiety-reducing behaviors
Social Anxiety: become anxious in social situations when people might judge them
Maladaptive: not providing adequate or appropriate adjustment to environment or situation, hinder individuals ability to adapt to new or challenging situations
Avoidance, passive-aggressiveness, risky decision-making often prevent problem solving/coping strategies, interfere with daily life and well-being
Generalized anxiety disorder: person for no reason worries about many things can't control, always tense and uneasy
6 mo. Or more
Often women and all more jittery, on edge, sleep deprived
Autonomic nervous system
Panic disorder: experience of panic attacks, fears next attack, with dread and physical arousal
Overwhelm of uncontrollable symptoms
Recurrent panic attacks
Some ig. Can be associated with culture (ataque de nervios)
Smokers more common and more impact
Specific phobias: person is terrified of something specific, irrational and avoiding
Free floating: not linked to a specific stressor threat
Agoraphobia: fear of public situations where might be hard to escape
Avoid leaving their homes/safe space
Obsessive-compulsive disorder: unwanted repetitive thought (obsessions), actions (compulsions) or both
Hoarding disorder: cluttering space with things they've gotten and can't part with
Intrusive thoughts: thoughts you cannot stop
Body dysmorphic disorder: preoccupation with perceived body defects
Trichotillomania: hair pulling disorder
Posttraumatic stress disorder: haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience
Trauma and stressor related disorder: group of disorders in which exposure to a traumatic or stressful event is followed by psychological distress.
Survivor resiliency: recovering with healthy functioning
In trauma = amygdala circutes a fear response
In OCD = anterior cingulate cortex is overactive
Depressive disorders: group of disorders where one endures sad, empty, irritable mood plus physical and cognitive changes affecting person's ability to function
Major depressive disorder: person has five/plus symptoms for two or more weeks, in absence of drug use or medical condition, either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure (significant/sudden change)
Depressed most of the time
Reduced interest/enjoy of things most of time
Changes in eating, sleep, energy, more agitated, self-esteem, guilty
lethargy
Suicidal thought
Opposite of mania: frontal lobe is super active, thinking/overthinking, limbic is not active (lack of energy and not getting out of bed)
Persistent depressive disorder: have experienced depressed mood more often than not for at least two years
Can't focus or make choice
Hopeless
Poor self-esteem, energy levels, sleep, eating
Bipolar disorders: group of disorders where a person alternates between hope
less and lethargy of depression and overexcited mania.
Bipolar I Disorder: experience mania for week or more, extreme then plunge into severe depression, sometimes go back and forth called rapid cycling
Mania: euphoric, talkative, high energy, really ambitious state, dangerously poor judgement
In manic phase, frontal lobe is less active (not thinking just acting and behaving), limbic system is SUPER active (feel everything and energy)
Bipolar II Disorder: after this euphoric thing, go between depression and milder hypomania, less severe version of B1
Social-Cognitive Perspective: explores how people's assumptions and expectations influence what they perceive
Rumination: compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes.
Explanatory style: how you view a situation optimistic or pessimistic
DEPRESSION
BIPOLAR
Number one mental health need = depression
Possibly because of seasons but not a true per say presumption
Behaviors and thoughts change; more likely to be negative, inexplicable sadness
Widespread and more common in women
Because of overthink and continuously staying on a problem
comparison
Episodes end on own, therapy speeds recovery, can end naturally w/o ever coming back
Depression sometimes returns
Stress plus negative events cause depression/come before
Getting more common as time comes on in teens and young adults
Whole body disorder w/
genetic predispositions: run in family, if siblings or twins have high chance you will to
brain connectivity issues: during this, brain activity slows especially in reward centers
biochemical imbalances:
low epinephrine = drug that increases arousal and boosts mood
Low serotonin = low during depression but after/when fades increases
plus the whole emotional stuff
Low views of themselves, situation, and future
Explanatory style/ whether you see situation pessimistically or optimistically
Also happens with self-defeating beliefs and learned helplessness
OVERALL
Stressful experiences interpreted through
Brooding negative explanatory style leading to
Depressed state that
Messes with way person acts and things (cognitive and emotionally)
Fuels more stressful experiences and negativity
Schizophrenia spectrum disorder: disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking & speech, disorganized/unusual motor behavior, and negative symptoms (such as poor emotional expression)
Schizophrenia: characterized by frequent and intense hallucinations and delusions and an inability to abandon such thoughts and perceptions when it’s clear that they are disconnected from reality.
Symptoms:
Positive = inappropriate behaviors are present/talk in disorganized & deluded ways, show inappropriate laughter, tears, or rage (things that are there that we would not expect to see in a normal person)
Negative = inappropriate behaviors are absent/absence of emotion in their voices, expressionless faces, or mute and rigid bodies. (things not there that we would expect to see in a normal person)
More in men
Hallucinate with voices (hallucinations -= false perceptions)
Delusions: disorganized, fragmented thinking distorted by false beliefs
Paranoid delusions = think there is a threat
Selective attention = giving all focus to unrelated stimuli (tone in voice and not what voice is saying, grooves in wall not etc)
Word Salad: Disorganized speech, saying random thoughts jumbled with no connection or ideas
Diminished/ inappropriate emotions where laugh at grandma dead or have no apparent feeling, may also struggle reading other people
Brain abnormalities:
Excess dopamine (dopamine hypothesis)
Maybe low frontal lobe brain activity
Large activity in core regions such as thalamus and amygdala
Enlarged ventricles, shrinkage of cerebral tissue (more shrinkage = more severe) , both inherited genetically
Causes: Prenatal?
Not the best pregnancies (famine, sickness, things that mess with development and therefor small brain structures)
Delivery complications
Role of Genetics
Twins develop the same genes and prenatal environment so more likely to have similar disorders
Genes do play role
Epigenetics/ what we are exposed to that triggers gene activation
schizotypal personality disorder: experience discomfort in close relationships, have distorted thoughts and perceptions, and engage in eccentric behaviors
Both have irrational beliefs and unusual behaviors
Psychotic Disorders: a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality. (unable to distinguish between can't mark between internal world and reality
Chronic Schizophrenia: symptoms show late adolescence or early adulthood, episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten, more negative symptoms
Acute schizophrenia: start at any age, as response to traumatic event, more likely to recovery, more positive symptoms
issociative Disorders: person's conscious awareness dissociates/separates from painful memories, thoughts, and feelings; discontinuity of normally who they are/do
Can lead to fugue state: sudden loss of memory, identity change responding to stressful situation
(DID) Dissociative Identity Disorder: two (plus distinct identities - each own voice and mannerisms - control a person's behavior; come from extreme sexual or physical abuse; lowkey controversial because it is hard to prove
Seen in shrinkage in brain parts and lower activity in hippocampus (dissociative amnesia)
Malingering: faking a condition to avoid responsibility
Dissociative Amnesia: memory gaps in people with normal brains
Not remembering trauma, people, places, or parts of their identity and life history
Personality Disorders: 10 disorders where one endures inner experiences or behavior pattern different from cultural norms and expectations, pervasive and inflexible; Start in adolescence/young adult; Stable over time and cause distress or impairment
Cluster A: people = eccentric or odd
Paranoid PD
Schizoid PD (social detachment)
Schizotypal PD (magical thinking)
Cluster B: people = dramatic emotional, or erratic
Borderline PD (attention getting)
Narcissistic PD (self-focused/inflating)
Histrionic PD (excessively emotional)
Antisocial PD
Cluster C: people = anxious or fearful
Avoidant PD (fearful sensitivity to rejection)
Dependent PD (clingy)
Obsessive-Compulsive PD (things must be order, perfect and control)
Antisocial Personality Disorder: (usually men) show lack of conscience for wrong doing, may be aggressive and ruthless or clever con artist; not just unsociable
Aka sociopaths or psychopaths
Socially deficient with less emotional intelligence
High risk if bio related to antisocial/unemotional tendencies
Genes with this also increase risk of substance use disorder (comorbidity/gene overlap)
Show low arousal in nervous system, lower stress hormones,
Smaller frontal lobes, less thinking planning, and feeling overall
Feeding and Eating Disorders: altered eating of food impairing psychological functioning and health
Share commonalities with anxiety disorders
High standards of perfection
Heretical and cultural/gender influence
Anorexia Nervosa: usually adolescent female maintain starvation diet despite being significantly underweight, inaccurate self-perception and sometimes excessive exercise
Bulimia Nervosa: person binge eats then bad weight loss promoting behavior, throwing up, laxative, fasting, excessive exercise
Neurodevelopmental Disorders: central nervous system abnormalities (usually in the brain) start in childhood and alter thinking and behavior (as in intellectual limitations or a psychological disorder).
Specific Learning Disorders: chronic difficulties perceiving and processing information (dyslexia)
Motor Disorders: impair ability to communicate, interact with others, or perform necessary tasks
Developmental coordination disorder (extreme slowness and clumsiness)
Stereotypic movement disorder (repetitive/unnecessary moves)
Tics/Tourette's
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): cognitive and social emotional disorder limitations in communication and social interaction, fixated interests and repetitive behaviors
Poor communication in brain's regions less connected/can't work together (front to back)
Hard time reading people/inferring
Hard time connecting with people
More common in boys and systemizes (objective, numerical, linear)
Genes and poor prenatal environments
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Inattention, distractibility, hyperactivity, impulsivity
Causes = genetics and learning disorders combined with defiant temperaments
Not associated with boring schools or rigid structure, abnormal brain structures and activity are present
Treatments involve both biological and psychological interventions
painful memories, thoughts, and feelings; discontinuity of normally who they are/do
Can lead to fugue state: sudden loss of memory, identity change responding to stressful situation
(DID) Dissociative Identity Disorder: two (plus distinct identities - each own voice and mannerisms - control a person's behavior; come from extreme sexual or physical abuse; lowkey controversial because it is hard to prove
Seen in shrinkage in brain parts and lower activity in hippocampus (dissociative amnesia)
Malingering: faking a condition to avoid responsibility
Dissociative Amnesia: memory gaps in people with normal brains
Not remembering trauma, people, places, or parts of their identity and life history
Personality Disorders: 10 disorders where one endures inner experiences or behavior pattern different from cultural norms and expectations, pervasive and inflexible; Start in adolescence/young adult; Stable over time and cause distress or impairment
Cluster A: people = eccentric or odd
Paranoid PD
Schizoid PD (social detachment)
Schizotypal PD (magical thinking)
Cluster B: people = dramatic emotional, or erratic
Borderline PD (attention getting)
Narcissistic PD (self-focused/inflating)
Histrionic PD (excessively emotional)
Antisocial PD
Cluster C: people = anxious or fearful
Avoidant PD (fearful sensitivity to rejection)
Dependent PD (clingy)
Obsessive-Compulsive PD (things must be order, perfect and control)
Antisocial Personality Disorder: (usually men) show lack of conscience for wrong doing, may be aggressive and ruthless or clever con artist; not just unsociable
Aka sociopaths or psychopaths
Socially deficient with less emotional intelligence
High risk if bio related to antisocial/unemotional tendencies
Genes with this also increase risk of substance use disorder (comorbidity/gene overlap)
Show low arousal in nervous system, lower stress hormones,
Smaller frontal lobes, less thinking planning, and feeling overall
Feeding and Eating Disorders: altered eating of food impairing psychological functioning and health
Share commonalities with anxiety disorders
High standards of perfection
Heretical and cultural/gender influence
Anorexia Nervosa: usually adolescent female maintain starvation diet despite being significantly underweight, inaccurate self-perception and sometimes excessive exercise
Bulimia Nervosa: person binge eats then bad weight loss promoting behavior, throwing up, laxative, fasting, excessive exercise
Neurodevelopmental Disorders: central nervous system abnormalities (usually in the brain) start in childhood and alter thinking and behavior (as in intellectual limitations or a psychological disorder).
Specific Learning Disorders: chronic difficulties perceiving and processing information (dyslexia)
Motor Disorders: impair ability to communicate, interact with others, or perform necessary tasks
Developmental coordination disorder (extreme slowness and clumsiness)
Stereotypic movement disorder (repetitive/unnecessary moves)
Tics/Tourette's
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): cognitive and social emotional disorder limitations in communication and social interaction, fixated interests and repetitive behaviors
Poor communication in brain's regions less connected/can't work together (front to back)
Hard time reading people/inferring
Hard time connecting with people
More common in boys and systemizes (objective, numerical, linear)
Genes and poor prenatal environments
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Inattention, distractibility, hyperactivity, impulsivity
Causes = genetics and learning disorders combined with defiant temperaments
Not associated with boring schools or rigid structure, abnormal brain structures and activity are present
Treatments involve both biological and psychological interventions
Could be like someone brings it up (can I talk to this other part of you) and then start convincing themselves/doing it (actors becoming their roles)
Or like how you act different ways with different people (friends vs. boss)
Shrinkage in areas with memory and detection of threats
Lower activity in hippocampus, brain's memory center
Could be a defense against anxiety/coping because this other identity can do unacceptable impulses