Module 3: Thermodynamics

The Laws of Thermodynamics

Two bodies in thermal equilibrium are at the same temperature
Energy can not be created or destroyed
1. ΔE=q+W
The total entropy of the universe (system and surroundings) must increase in every spontaneous process.
1. ΔS(total)=ΔS(system)+ΔS(surroundings) > 0
The entropy (s) of a pure, perfectly crystalline compound at T=0K is zero. (no disorder)
1. S(T=0)=0

Celsius to Kelvin

T(K)=T(C)+273.15

Symbol	Meaning	Additional
T	Temperature	Average kinetic energy of all particles in a substance
S	Entropy	The measure of a system’s thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work. As work is obtained from ordered molecular motion, it is also a measure of the molecular disorder of a system.
E	Energy
Δ	Change in
q	Heat
W	Work

All matter is made up of particles that are in constant, random motion (or maybe energy, unclear)

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg by 1°C

Q=mcΔT

When two objects are in thermal equilibrium, there is no net flow of heat between them.