MW

ITF+ Module 2 Flashcards

IT Concepts and Terminology

  • Notational Systems:
    • Binary
    • Hexadecimal
    • Decimal
    • Data representation (ASCII, Unicode)
  • Data Types:
    • Char
    • Strings
    • Numbers (Integers, Floats)
    • Boolean
  • Value of Data and Information:
    • Data and information as assets.
    • Importance of investing in security.
    • Relationship of data to creating information.
    • Intellectual property (Trademarks, Copyright, Patents).
    • Digital products.
    • Data-driven business decisions (Data capture and collection, Data correlation, Meaningful reporting).
  • Units of Measure:
    • Storage unit (Bit, Byte, KB, MB, GB, TB, PB)
    • Throughput unit (bps, Kbps, Mbps, Gbps, Tbps)
    • Processing speed (MHz, GHz)

Infrastructure

(No specific details mentioned in the provided text)

Applications and Software

  • Application management.
  • Software:
    • Productivity Software (Word processing, Spreadsheet, Presentation, Web browser, Visual diagramming)
    • Collaboration Software (Email client, Conferencing, Instant messaging, Online workspace, Document sharing)
    • Business Software (Database, Project management, Business-specific applications, Accounting)
  • Application Concepts:
    • Licensing (Single use, Group use/site license, Concurrent license, Open source vs. proprietary, Subscription vs. one-time purchase, Product keys and serial numbers)
    • Software installation best practices (Reading instructions, Reading agreements, Advanced options)
    • Application architecture and delivery models.
    • Single-platform vs. Cross-platform software.

Software Development

  • Programming Language Categories:
    • Interpreted (Scripting, Markup languages)
    • Compiled languages
    • Query languages
    • Assembly language
  • Programming Organizational Techniques:
    • Pseudocode
    • Flow charts
    • Sequence
  • Logic Components:
    • Branching
    • Looping
  • Programming Concepts:
    • Identifiers (Variables, Constants)
    • Containers (Arrays, Vectors)
    • Functions
    • Objects (Properties, Attributes, Methods)

Database Fundamentals

  • Database Concepts:
    • Usage of database (Create, Import/input, Query, Reports)
    • Flat file vs. database (Multiple concurrent users, Scalability, Speed, Variety of data)
    • Records
    • Storage (Data persistence)
  • Database Structures:
    • Structured vs. semi-structured vs. non-structured
    • Relational databases (Schema, Tables, Rows/records, Fields/columns, Primary key, Foreign key, Constraints)
    • Non-relational databases (Key/value databases, Document databases)
  • Database Interfacing Methods:
    • Relational methods (Data manipulation [Select, Insert, Delete, Update], Data definition [Create, Alter, Drop, Permissions])
    • Database access methods (Direct/manual access, Programmatic access, User interface/utility access, Query/report builders)
    • Export/import (Database dump, Backup)

Security

(No specific details mentioned in the provided text)

Using Data Types and Units

  • Notational Systems

    • A notational system is used to represent different quantities or characters in computing.

    • Decimal Notation:

      • Base 10 system using digits 0-9.
      • Place value determines the value of each digit (e.g., 12 = 110 + 21).

    • Binary Notation:

      • Base 2 system using digits 0 and 1.
      • Used by computers because the two values can represent the off/on states of transistors.
      • Example: 51 in decimal is 110011 in binary.
      • 51 = (132) + (116) + (08) + (04) + (12) + (11)

    • Hexadecimal Notation:

      • Base 16 system using digits 0-9 and letters A-F (A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, F=15).
      • More efficient for expressing large numbers.
      • Example: 1234 in decimal is 4D2 in hexadecimal.
      • 1234 = (4256) + (1316) + (2*1)

  • Units of Measure

    • Bits and Bytes:

      • Bit: The basic unit of computer data, representing 0 or 1.
      • Byte: 8 bits.
      • Multiples:
        • KiloByte (KB): 10^3 bytes (1000 bytes).
        • MegaByte (MB): 10^6 bytes (1,000,000 bytes).
        • GigaByte (GB): 10^9 bytes (1,000,000,000 bytes).
        • TeraByte (TB): 10^{12} bytes (1,000,000,000,000 bytes).
        • PetaByte (PB): 10^{15} bytes (1,000,000,000,000,000 bytes).

    • Binary Multiples:

      • KibiByte (KiB): 2^{10} bytes (1024 bytes).
      • MebiByte (MiB): 2^{20} bytes (1,048,576 bytes).
      • GibiByte (GiB): 2^{30} bytes (1,073,741,824 bytes).

    • Note: Windows uses binary measurements, while storage capacity is typically quoted in decimal.

    • Throughput Units:

      • Measured in bits per second (bps).
      • Kbps: 1000 bits per second.
      • Mbps: 1,000,000 bits per second.
      • Gbps: 1,000,000,000 bits per second.
      • Tbps: 1,000,000,000,000 bits per second.
      • Transfer rates can be expressed as Bytes per second (Bps).

    • Processing Speed Units:

      • Measured in Hertz (Hz), representing cycles per second.
      • Megahertz (MHz): 1,000,000 cycles per second.
      • Gigahertz (GHz): 1,000,000,000 cycles per second.

  • Data Types

    • Determine what sort of operations can be performed on data.
      • Integers: Whole numbers (e.g., 5, 21, 65536). Consume 1 to 8 bytes.
      • Floating-point numbers: Decimal fractions (e.g., 4.1, 26.4, 5.62). Consume 4 to 8 bytes.
      • Boolean values: TRUE or FALSE (1 or 0). Consume a single bit.
      • Characters (char): Single textual character (e.g., a, D, 7, $, @, #). Consume one byte.
      • Strings: Collection of text characters (e.g., XYZ, Hello world). Length is defined when the data type is defined.

  • Data Representation

    • ASCII:
      • American Standard Code for Information Interchange
      • Each character represented by a seven-bit binary number (128 values).
    • Unicode:
      • Handles character data and expresses it across platforms in a uniform way.
      • Character encoding standards include UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32.
      • UTF-8 is used by many websites.

  • Value of Data

    • Computer data is an asset and must be protected.

    • Investing in Security:

      • Security controls prevent, deter, detect, and/or recover from unauthorized data access or modification.
      • Return on Security Investment (ROSI) justifies security investments by assessing the cost and likelihood of data loss.
      • Data exfiltration: When an attacker removes data from your network without authorization.
      • Data breach: Occurs whenever your network exposes private data publicly.

    • Security Controls:

      • Backup: Maintain copies of data for easy access when needed.
      • Access control: Control access to stored data using permissions and data encryption to protect from competitors.
      • Permissions: Grant specific access rights to users and groups on data files, e.g., allow users to read a file but not to copy or print it.
      • Data encryption: Encode the data sc that only someone with the correct key can read it.
      • Firewalls: Control network application accessibility.
      • High availability: Ensure data availability through fault tolerance technologies.

  • Intellectual Property (IP)

    • Copyright: Automatic legal protection for certain types of work, granting control over publication, distribution, or sale. No need to apply for it.
      • Copyright applies to original content, layout, format, and appearance.
      • Copyright lasts for a number of years after the owner's death, after this time, the work becomes public domain and may be used freely
      • Copyright does not apply to an idea until it's manifested.
    • Trademarks: Protect a company's name and/or logo. Indicated by ™ (ordinary) or ® (registered) symbols. A trademark must be distinctive within the industry.
    • Patents: Legal protection for an invention, provided it is original, useful, and distinctive. Must be applied for and registered.

  • Digital Products

    • Sold or distributed as binary computer data (e.g., software, ebooks, music). Low manufacturing/distribution costs but easy to copy.
    • Digital Rights Management (DRM) systems enforce