PSY FE
Definition of Psychology – the scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior
Biological Theory – Found by Charles Darwin, focuses on the belief that behaviors are inherited and shaped by adaptation to one's external environment.
Cognitive Theory – Found by Jean Piaget, a school of psychology that believes that thinking is central to understanding human behavior
Psychodynamic Theory – Found by Sigmund Freud, focuses on internal psychological processes of which we are unaware of happening
Humanistic Theory – Founded by Carl Rogers, focuses on the belief that humans are inherently good
Trait Theory – Founded by Gordon Allport, focuses on the study of personality and what shapes it
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs – Founded by Abraham Maslow, proposes that people must satisfy physiological needs of safety and security before focusing on complex needs
Unconscious - internal psychological processes of which we are unaware of happening
Id – the reservoir of the most primitive impulses, entirely unconscious
Ego – boss of personality, principal decision maker
Superego – sense of morality, contains senses of right and wrong
Defense Mechanisms – unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety
Repression – motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses
Denial – refusal to acknowledge or outright deny distressing aspects of reality
Rationalization – providing reasonable sounding explanations for unreasonable behaviors or failures
Displacement – directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto an acceptable one
Psychosexual Stages of Development – theory created by Sigmund Freud, describes how the personality is developed throughout childhood
Oral – psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth
Anal – psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training
Phallic – psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals
Latency – stage dealing with sexual impulses submerged in the unconsciousness
Genital – stage at which sexual impulses awaken and mature into romantic attraction toward others
Survey – asking questions from a random sample of the population
Case Study – When researchers examine one person, or a small group of people over an extended period
Correlation – numbers representing the strength of the relationship (-1.00 0 +1.00)
Positive Correlation – When one variable goes up, the other variable goes in the same direction
Negative Correlation – When two variables go in opposite directions of each other
Experiment – testing of a hypothesis
Hypothesis – educated guess
Independent Variable – the cause in an experiment
Dependent Variable – the outcome of an experiment
Placebo – substance that has no therapeutic effect
Medulla – Part of the brainstem that controls basic functions such as heartbeat and breathing
Motor Cortex – found in the frontal lobe, responsible for voluntary movement
Hypothalamus – Part of the brain that controls homeostasis and hormones
Hippocampus – Part of the brain that controls spatial memory
Limbic System – Network of regions involved in emotion regulation, motivation, learning, and memory
Frontal lobe – Forward part of the cerebral cortex responsible for motor function, language, decision-making, and planning
Temporal lobe – Lower part of the cerebral cortex that plays roles in hearing, understanding language, and memory
Parietal lobe – Upper middle part of the cerebral cortex behind the central sulcus, specializes in touch and perception
Occipital lobe – Back of the brain that controls vision
Central Nervous System – Part of the nervous system that contains the brain and spinal cord that controls the mind and behavior
Peripheral Nervous System – Nerves outside the CNS that consist of the somatic nervous system which controls voluntary behavior and interacts with the external environment, and the autonomic nervous system which controls nonvoluntary behavior and interacts with our internal environment
Sympathetic Nervous System – part of the autonomic nervous system engaged during crises (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic Nervous System – part of the autonomic nervous system that controls digestion and rest
Alzheimer’s disease – disease that affects memory and cognitivism
Parkinson’s disease – Disease caused by damage to the basal ganglia, consists of tremors, muscular rigidity, and complications performing voluntary actions
Endorphins – neuropeptides that play roles in pain reduction
Dopamine – neurotransmitter that plays a role in motivation
Stage 1 - transition between sleep and wakefulness
Stage 2 - light sleep stage
Stage 3 - Stage 3 sleep is also known as deep sleep, and it is harder to wake someone up if they are in this phase. Muscle tone, pulse, and breathing rate decrease
REM Sleep – stage of sleep where the brain is most active, where dreaming occurs
Insomnia – difficulty falling or staying asleep
Sleep Apnea – blockage of airway during sleep causing daytime fatigue
Narcolepsy – rapid and unexpected onset of sleep
Night Terrors – sudden awakening causing perspiration, screaming, or confusion, followed by a return to deep sleep
Addiction – compulsive substance use
Withdrawal Symptoms – unpleasant effects of reducing or stopping the consumption of a drug that users used habitually
Tolerance – reduction of the effect of a drug due to repeated use
Ivan Pavlov– Russian scientist who demonstrated the processes of association
Classical Conditioning – form of learning where animals respond to previous stimuli that were paired with stimuli that elicit automatic responses
B.F. Skinner – behaviorist that believed human behavior is a response to the environment
Operant Conditioning – learning controlled by the consequences of one’s behavior
Reinforcement – outcome or consequence of behavior that strengthens probability of said behavior
Punishment – outcome or consequence of behavior that lowers the probability of said behavior
Generalized Anxiety Disorder – chronic state of worry and tension without provocation
Panic Disorder – brief intense episodes of fear
Major Depression – lingering depressed mood diminishing interest in pleasurable activities
Bipolar Disorder – mental illness characterized by extreme mood swings
Paranoid Personality Disorder – sustained pattern of behavior characterized by paranoia, mistrust and suspiciousness of others.
Antisocial Personality Disorder – behavior characterized by disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others
Avoidant Personality Disorder – behavior characterized by feelings of extreme social inhibition, and feelings of inadequacy and inferiority
Paranoid Schizophrenia – characterized by predominantly positive symptoms of schizophrenia, including delusions and hallucinations
Disorganized Schizophrenia – disorganization of thought processes, behavior, and affect regulation
Catatonic Schizophrenia – serious neurological or psychological condition in which two kinds of behaviors are typically displayed: stupor and motor rigidity or excitement
Delusions– strongly fixed belief that has no basis in reality
Hallucinations – sensory perception that occurs in the absence of an external stimulus
Somatoform disorder – physical symptoms that are inconsistent with or cannot be fully explained by any underlying general medical or neurologic condition
Conversion disorder – condition in which a person experiences blindness, paralysis or other nervous system symptoms that cannot be explained by illness or injury
Definition of Psychology – the scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior
Biological Theory – Found by Charles Darwin, focuses on the belief that behaviors are inherited and shaped by adaptation to one's external environment.
Cognitive Theory – Found by Jean Piaget, a school of psychology that believes that thinking is central to understanding human behavior
Psychodynamic Theory – Found by Sigmund Freud, focuses on internal psychological processes of which we are unaware of happening
Humanistic Theory – Founded by Carl Rogers, focuses on the belief that humans are inherently good
Trait Theory – Founded by Gordon Allport, focuses on the study of personality and what shapes it
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs – Founded by Abraham Maslow, proposes that people must satisfy physiological needs of safety and security before focusing on complex needs
Unconscious - internal psychological processes of which we are unaware of happening
Id – the reservoir of the most primitive impulses, entirely unconscious
Ego – boss of personality, principal decision maker
Superego – sense of morality, contains senses of right and wrong
Defense Mechanisms – unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety
Repression – motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses
Denial – refusal to acknowledge or outright deny distressing aspects of reality
Rationalization – providing reasonable sounding explanations for unreasonable behaviors or failures
Displacement – directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto an acceptable one
Psychosexual Stages of Development – theory created by Sigmund Freud, describes how the personality is developed throughout childhood
Oral – psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth
Anal – psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training
Phallic – psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals
Latency – stage dealing with sexual impulses submerged in the unconsciousness
Genital – stage at which sexual impulses awaken and mature into romantic attraction toward others
Survey – asking questions from a random sample of the population
Case Study – When researchers examine one person, or a small group of people over an extended period
Correlation – numbers representing the strength of the relationship (-1.00 0 +1.00)
Positive Correlation – When one variable goes up, the other variable goes in the same direction
Negative Correlation – When two variables go in opposite directions of each other
Experiment – testing of a hypothesis
Hypothesis – educated guess
Independent Variable – the cause in an experiment
Dependent Variable – the outcome of an experiment
Placebo – substance that has no therapeutic effect
Medulla – Part of the brainstem that controls basic functions such as heartbeat and breathing
Motor Cortex – found in the frontal lobe, responsible for voluntary movement
Hypothalamus – Part of the brain that controls homeostasis and hormones
Hippocampus – Part of the brain that controls spatial memory
Limbic System – Network of regions involved in emotion regulation, motivation, learning, and memory
Frontal lobe – Forward part of the cerebral cortex responsible for motor function, language, decision-making, and planning
Temporal lobe – Lower part of the cerebral cortex that plays roles in hearing, understanding language, and memory
Parietal lobe – Upper middle part of the cerebral cortex behind the central sulcus, specializes in touch and perception
Occipital lobe – Back of the brain that controls vision
Central Nervous System – Part of the nervous system that contains the brain and spinal cord that controls the mind and behavior
Peripheral Nervous System – Nerves outside the CNS that consist of the somatic nervous system which controls voluntary behavior and interacts with the external environment, and the autonomic nervous system which controls nonvoluntary behavior and interacts with our internal environment
Sympathetic Nervous System – part of the autonomic nervous system engaged during crises (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic Nervous System – part of the autonomic nervous system that controls digestion and rest
Alzheimer’s disease – disease that affects memory and cognitivism
Parkinson’s disease – Disease caused by damage to the basal ganglia, consists of tremors, muscular rigidity, and complications performing voluntary actions
Endorphins – neuropeptides that play roles in pain reduction
Dopamine – neurotransmitter that plays a role in motivation
Stage 1 - transition between sleep and wakefulness
Stage 2 - light sleep stage
Stage 3 - Stage 3 sleep is also known as deep sleep, and it is harder to wake someone up if they are in this phase. Muscle tone, pulse, and breathing rate decrease
REM Sleep – stage of sleep where the brain is most active, where dreaming occurs
Insomnia – difficulty falling or staying asleep
Sleep Apnea – blockage of airway during sleep causing daytime fatigue
Narcolepsy – rapid and unexpected onset of sleep
Night Terrors – sudden awakening causing perspiration, screaming, or confusion, followed by a return to deep sleep
Addiction – compulsive substance use
Withdrawal Symptoms – unpleasant effects of reducing or stopping the consumption of a drug that users used habitually
Tolerance – reduction of the effect of a drug due to repeated use
Ivan Pavlov– Russian scientist who demonstrated the processes of association
Classical Conditioning – form of learning where animals respond to previous stimuli that were paired with stimuli that elicit automatic responses
B.F. Skinner – behaviorist that believed human behavior is a response to the environment
Operant Conditioning – learning controlled by the consequences of one’s behavior
Reinforcement – outcome or consequence of behavior that strengthens probability of said behavior
Punishment – outcome or consequence of behavior that lowers the probability of said behavior
Generalized Anxiety Disorder – chronic state of worry and tension without provocation
Panic Disorder – brief intense episodes of fear
Major Depression – lingering depressed mood diminishing interest in pleasurable activities
Bipolar Disorder – mental illness characterized by extreme mood swings
Paranoid Personality Disorder – sustained pattern of behavior characterized by paranoia, mistrust and suspiciousness of others.
Antisocial Personality Disorder – behavior characterized by disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others
Avoidant Personality Disorder – behavior characterized by feelings of extreme social inhibition, and feelings of inadequacy and inferiority
Paranoid Schizophrenia – characterized by predominantly positive symptoms of schizophrenia, including delusions and hallucinations
Disorganized Schizophrenia – disorganization of thought processes, behavior, and affect regulation
Catatonic Schizophrenia – serious neurological or psychological condition in which two kinds of behaviors are typically displayed: stupor and motor rigidity or excitement
Delusions– strongly fixed belief that has no basis in reality
Hallucinations – sensory perception that occurs in the absence of an external stimulus
Somatoform disorder – physical symptoms that are inconsistent with or cannot be fully explained by any underlying general medical or neurologic condition
Conversion disorder – condition in which a person experiences blindness, paralysis or other nervous system symptoms that cannot be explained by illness or injury