Exam Review Flashcards

Body Composition

Approximately 69% of American adults are overweight or obese.
Essential fat roles include temperature regulation and shock absorption.
Essential fat is NOT involved in bone absorption.
Recommended fat range for males in the "good fitness health zone" is approximately 10-20%.
"Essential fat" refers to the minimum amount of body fat essential for good health.
Individuals with more than healthy fat levels but who are not considered obese have body fat levels in the marginal zone.
Absence of menstruation is known as amenorrhea.
"Obesity" is clinically characterized as excessive body fat.
Body weight can vary based solely on hydration levels.
The Body Mass Index (BMI) is based on height and weight.
Being fit is more important than being thin (i.e. "normal weight") from a health perspective.
DXA (Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) is the accepted gold standard for body composition measurements.
A caliper is used to measure skinfolds.
Bioelectrical impedance method for body composition assessment is based on the principle that fat has less water content than muscle.
BMI values of >25 are categorized as overweight, and values of >30 are categorized as obese.
Obesity is classified as a disease.
The main limitation of BMI is that it doesn't consider muscle mass.
Waist circumference provides an estimate of visceral fat distribution.
Abdominal body fat poses greater health risks than fat in other locations.
The most common symptoms of bulimia are binging and purging.
The "female athlete triad" is NOT associated with anemia.
Obesity results from eating more calories than you expend.
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is determined largely by muscle mass.
"Somatotype" translates to body build.
"Creeping obesity" is most likely caused by decreased exercise with age.
The best way to control body fatness is to combine diet modification and exercise.
A pound of body fat contains approximately 3,500 calories. (3500 \text{ calories})
The target zone for fat reduction is a loss of no more than 2 pounds per week. (2 \text{ pounds})
Eating when stressed is a contributing factor in the weight gain observed by many college freshmen.
Health risks associated with obesity include diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension.
The most harmful place to have excess body fat is the abdomen.
People preoccupied with the idea that their body is not lean or muscular enough may have a clinical condition known as "muscle dysmorphia disorder."
The term "android" has been used to describe the fat storage in the upper part of the body.
Exercise has been shown to work in resetting the "set-point."
Leptin influences obesity by altering appetite and metabolic rate.
The phenomena of "creeping obesity" is best explained by declines in activity level and BMR with age.
The "female athlete triad" leads to increased risk for osteoporosis.
Anorexia nervosa is considered to be the most dangerous or severe eating disorder.
Waist circumference is used to reflect visceral fat distribution.
Obesity is itself classified as a disease.
Physical activity can reduce health risks associated with obesity.

Stress and Health

The first step in managing stress is to recognize the causes and be aware of the symptoms.
Noise is an example of an environmental stressor.
The most frequent and important stressors affecting humans are emotional.
Financial problems are considered a major stressor.
Traffic hassles are considered minor stressors.
Ambiguous stressors are more problematic because fewer clear-cut solutions exist.
College students today have additional pressures than they did in the past because more students now work to support their studies.
The autonomic nervous system is associated with the "fight-or-flight" response.
Controllable stressors are considered the least stressful.
Optimal amounts of stress are related to adaptation.
The positive dimension of stress is called eustress.
People who have a type A personality are characterized by enjoyment of highly competitive situations.
Stress can be positive.
Certain characteristics that have been found to influence a person's reaction to stressful situations are collectively referred to as hardiness.
The desire to escape stress by avoiding stressful situations is NOT a dimension of hardiness.
Willingness to put up with adversity to keep pushing toward desired goals best defines the characteristic of commitment.
Anaphylactic shock is NOT a symptom of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
Stress can lead to changes in behavior such as altered eating and sleeping patterns.
The excessive level of stress that compromises our function is known as distress.
Stressors are considered to be sources of stress.
Regular physical activity has been found to be effective at relieving stress by both reducing the intensity of the stress response and decreasing the likelihood of developing stress disorders.
Research currently supports the hypothesis that chronic exercise reduces physiological reactivity to non-exercise stressors.
Exercising before experiencing a stressor reduces the magnitude of the stress response.
Suppressing emotions is NOT an indicator of hardiness.
Learning to think in "shades of gray" helps to avoid distorted thinking.
More people now hold second jobs than in the past regarding work trends.
Annual working hours in the U.S. have increased during the last 10 years.
Seeking social support is an example of emotion-focused coping.
"Recreation" is different from "leisure" because it is done for a specific purpose.
A good definition of "leisure time" is time that is free from demands.
A person's cognitive and psychological efforts to manage stress is known as coping.
Exercising to take your mind off the problem is an example of an emotion-focused coping strategy.
Seeking input to solve the problem is considered an appraisal-focused strategy for stress management.
Jacobson's Progressive Relaxation Method does NOT involve increasing the intensity of muscle contractions as the exercises progress.
Biofeedback involves monitoring of physiological processes for changes in muscle contraction, blood pressure, and brain waves.
Regulate body temperature is NOT one of the "three Rs" of relaxation.
Mindfulness meditation differs from most relaxation techniques by encouraging you to fully experience emotions.
All or none thinking is defined as a person who thinks of things in absolute terms (e.g., black or white).
A mental filter is defined as a person who dwells on the negatives and ignores the positive.

The Use and Abuse of Tobacco

Carbon monoxide from cigarettes causes reduced oxygen-carrying capacity in blood.
Tar contains the carcinogenic compounds that cause cancer.
Most smokers want to quit.
The death of inhalation is likely to determine the dose of (or exposure to) tobacco.
Smokeless tobacco is a major cause of mouth and throat cancer.
Smokers are more likely to use alcohol than nonsmokers.
Secondhand smoke poses significant health risks
Smokeless tobacco has more nicotine than cigarettes.
Smokers report higher levels of stress.
Smokeless tobacco contains higher levels of carcinogens than cigarettes.
The best advice for quitting smoking is to keep trying until successful.
Mainstream smoke refers to smoke exhaled from the smoker's mouth.
Lower price than other drugs is NOT a common reason that teenagers give for using tobacco.
Side stream smoke is more dangerous than mainstream smoke.
Using smokeless tobacco will most greatly increase the risk of oral cavity cancer.
Nicotine is a highly addictive drug.
A "chipper" is someone that doesn't smoke every day.
Public smoking bans have had little effect on rates of smoking.
Higher taxes on cigarettes have not worked to decrease usage regarding anti-smoking policies.
Evidence that second-hand smoke presents health risks contributed most to the bans on smoking in public.
Mainstream smoke is filtered by the cigarette.
Chantix is prescription medicine to help people quit.
E-cigarettes are a device that provides users with nicotine but no smoke.
Reduce adult rates of smoking to 12% and youth rates to 16% reflect the HP 2020 goals for smoking

Cancer, Diabetes, and Other Health Threats

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States.
Lung cancer accounts for the most cancer deaths.
Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring form of cancer among women.
Fasting blood glucose levels greater than 125 indicate diabetes. (>125 \text{ mg/dl})
Tumors that are not considered to be "cancerous" are categorized as benign.
Type I diabetes occurs when the body fails to produce insulin.
To be labeled "broad spectrum," a sunblock must protect against both UVA and UVB and have an SPF of at least 15.
"CAUTION" is the acronym that helps you to recognize cancer warning signs.
Insulin is produced by the pancreas.
The leading causes of death are largely preventable.
The pap test provides a screen for cervical cancer.
Mexican Americans have the highest risk of diabetes.
Use of sleeping pills is NOT an effective way to relieve depression.
Injuries are the fifth leading cause of death in the United States among people of all ages.
Suicide is the third leading cause of death among male teenagers.
Approximately 95% of diabetics have the type II variety.
Cancer is thought to be the second leading cause of death in the United States.
Injuries claim more lives than chronic and infectious diseases among people 40 and younger.
Schizophrenia is among the most serious mental disorders.
High rate of liver failure is NOT among the common health problems associated with diabetes.
Skin cancer is NOT among the four leading causes of cancer deaths.
All of the above are true regarding ovarian cancer.
When cancer cells spread to other parts of the body it is called metastasize.
College students have a relatively high risk for all of the following cancers EXCEPT prostate.
Non-smoking spouses of smokers have 30% greater risk of developing lung cancer than a spouse of a non-smoker.
Rates of skin cancers have increased in recent years.

Revision Questions

Muscular Strength/Power resistance programs is characterized by high load and high rest
Power is considered by experts to be the most functional mode in which all human motion occurs.
Excessive body fat best characterizes the clinical term of “obesity.”
The body mass index (BMI) is based on height and weight.
All these answers are correct contributes to stress and strain on the back that may lead to back pain.
Keep a your chest lifted with a slight arch in your lower back is a safe guideline to prevent posture, back, and neck problems when sitting.
Sending cash to purchase your item is a tip for avoiding being ripped off by a quack
They support their claims with testimonials Statements about quacks.
Secondhand smoke poses significant health risks regarding smoking.
Metastasis is it called when cancer cells spread to other parts of the body?
Benign categorized tumors that are not considered to be cancerous.
Lung is the second most commonly occurring form of cancer among women.
Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood is most associated with carbon monoxide from cigarettes.
Nicotine is a highly addictive drug
Colon-rectal cancer accounts for the most cancer deaths
*Value greater than 125 blood glucose level indicate diabetes?
*Occurs when the body fails to produce insulin regarding Type I diabetes?
*Nicotine is the most addictive drug?