Diversity of Life + Domains and Kingdoms

Mutations lead to variations which can be good or bad. If good, they are called adaptations and prompt evolution. If they are bad, they cause extinction. This process is called natural selection.

Species = a group of similar-looking organisms that can interbreed under natural conditions and produce offspring that are capable of reproduction.

Odd numbered chromosomes cannot perform meiosis and produce offspring.

Taxonomy = the science of classifying and naming organisms; Aristotle was the first to do this, but his system was very flawed.

As living things are constantly being investigated, new attributed (physical and chemical) are revealed that affect how organisms are placed in a standard classification system.

Carolus Linnaeus = the first person to organize living things in a universal way; in 1753, he developed Binomal Nomenclature, a two-part naming system.

The classification of living things can be changed when new evidence (physical attributes and/or chemical DNA) is discovered.

Binomal Nomenclature = capitalize the Genus name and lowercase the species name. Typed in italics or underlined if handwritten. e.g. Blue Marlin = Makaira nigricans

In broad to specific, the classification of living things is Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. A way to remember this is Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti.

The three domains = Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. A way to remember this is BAE.

The kingdom for Bacteria = Eubacteria

The kingdom for Archaea = Archaebacteria

The kingdoms for Eukarya = Anamalia, Fungi, Plantae, and Protista

Domains and Kingdoms = classified according to the presence or absence of membrane organelles (nuclei), whether they are single or multicellular, and how they obtain energy.

The prokaryotic domains with no nuclei = Archaea (Kingdom Archaebacteria) and Bacteria (Kingdom Eubacteria)

The eukaryotic domain with nuclei = Eukarya (kingdoms anamalia, plantae, fungi, and protista)

The domain Bacteria (kingdom eubacteria) = single celled with cell walls, no nucleus, common, and many organisms in this category cause disease.

The domain Archaea (kingdom archaebacteria) = single celled with cell walls, no nucleus, the most simple of all bacteria, and organisms in this category are extremophiles— they live in extreme environments.

In the domain Eukarya, the kingdom—

• protista = mostly single-celled, autotrophic OR heterotrophic, can move

• fungi = mostly multicellular, cannot move, heterotrophic - decomposers

• plantae = multicellular, cannot move, autotrophic

• anamalia = multicellular, can move, heterotrophic - consumers

autotrophic = an organism that can produce its own food from inorganic substances

heterotrophic = an organism that obtains nutrition by consuming other organisms or organic matter

Eubacteria = COMMON

Archaebacteria = EXTREME

Anamalia = MOVE

Plantae = PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Fungi = DECOMPOSERS

Protista = SINGLE-CELLED

Domain = highest level of classification including eukarya, bacteria, and archaea

Kingdom = level of classification under domain including anamalia, archaebacteria, eubacteria, plantae, protista, and fungi