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Module 2: ethics
Module 2: ethics
- morals and ethnics
- morals: private, personal, or group standards of right and wrong
- moral behavior reflects personal moral beliefs
- "in general, is it wrong to steal?"
- ethics: study of right and wrong conduct
- formal process for making consistent and logical moral decisions
- uses specific rules, theories, principles, and perspectives to inquire into the justification of an individual's actions in a particular situation
- "what should i do in a given situation?" (is it wrong to steal if you have to do it to feed your children?)
- morals: private, personal, or group standards of right and wrong
- nursing ethics
- ethical questions that arise of nursing practice
- what will your level of participation be in a given ethnically challenging situation?
- can you support clients' decisions based on their ethnical beliefs?
- what are your feelings about the results of decisions made by others?
- you are responsible for deciding the nature and extent of your own involvement in each situation
- must support pts who are making ethnical decisions or perhaps coping with the results of decisions made by others
- ethical questions that arise of nursing practice
- moral or ethical agency
- moral distress can occur when nurses are unable to act as moral agents
- nurses experience moral outrage when they perceive that others are behaving immorally
- sources of ethical problems: societal factors, the nature of nursing work
- societal factors: increased consumer awareness, technological advances, multicultural population, and cost containment
- societal factors: increased consumer awareness, technological advances, multicultural population, and cost containment
- moral or ethical agency for nurses: ability to base their practice on professional standards of ethical conduct and to participate in ethical decision making
- nurses have choices and are responsible for their actions
- ethnical agent must be able to do the following:
- perceive the difference between right and wrong
- understand abstract ethical principles
- reason and apply ethical principles to make decisions weigh alternatives, and plan sound ways to achieve goals
- decide and choose freely
- act according to choice (this assumes both the power and capability to act)
- nurses' ethical problems are immediate, serious, and frequent
- nurses have multiple obligations and relationships that can create conflicting loyalties
- employees with a relationship with the agency
- professionals with a special relationship with clients and inter-professional team members
- nurses expected to follow the provider's presciptions for client care, although the provider is not the nurse's employer
- most orgs providers are higher on the power and status hierarchy than are nurses
- ethnical dilemmas arise when nurses experience conflicts in their loyalties to clients, families, providers, and other nurses
- nurses as ethnical agents
- know the diff b/w right and wrong
- understand abstract ethnical principles
- apply ethnical principles in decision making
- weigh alternative principles in decision making
- decide and choose freely
- act acccording to choice
- consider value neutrality
- attempt to understand our own values regarding an issue and to know when to put them aside, if necessary, to become nonjudgemental when providing care
- it requires significant insight to recognize how your value-laden perspective impacts your perceptions and thus conclusion abt a situation
- values
- belief about the worth of something
- highly prized ideals, customs, goals
- freely chosen
- learned through observation and experience
- vary from person to person
- can change
- expressed through behaviors, feelings, knowledge, and decisions
- factors in moral decision making
- attitudes
- feelings toward person, idea, object
- includes thinking (cognitive), feeling (affective), & doing (behavioral) component
- what a person thinks
- beliefs
- something that one accepts as true
- not always based on fact, sometimes based on facts
- may or may not involve values
- attitudes
- ethnical principles
- autonomy: person's right to choose and ability to act on that choice
- based on respect for human dignity
- demonstrated when you:
- treat pt w/ considersation
- believe pt stories abt course & symptoms of their illnesses
- protect those who are unable to decide for themselves
- protect privacy and confidentiality
- nonmaleficence: duty to do no harm and to prevent harm
- refers to:
- actual harm
- risk of harm
- intentional harm
- unintentional harm: can occur bc lack of knowledge, skill, or ability
- refers to:
- beneficence: duty to do or promote good
- do no harm, prevent harm, remove harm, bring abt positive good
- paternalism: treating others like children
- can have neg outcome even though you think you are acting in their best interest
- fidelity (faithfulness): duty to keep promises
- basic part of every pt care situation
- veracity: duty to tell the truth
- justice: obligation to be fair
- equal treatment of all pts
- autonomy: person's right to choose and ability to act on that choice
- professional guidelines for ethnical decision making
- code of ethnics for nurses purposes:
- inform the public abt the profession's minimum standards
- demonstrate nursing's commitment to the public it serves
- outline major ethnical considerations of nursing
- provide general guidelines for professional behavior
- guide the profession's self-regulating functions
- remind us of the special responsibility we assume in caring for the sick
- international council of nurses (ICN)
- first adopted its code of ethics for nurses in 1953
- has since served as the standard for nurses worldwide
- stresses respect for human rights, including cultural rights, the right to life and choice, the right to dignity, and right to be treated with respect
- american nurses association (ANA)
- revised code of ethnics in 2015
- relevant in many practice settings and reflects current ethnical situations
- standards of care
- patient care partnership
- american hospital association (AHA) published a document: patient care partnership (2003)
- instead of using "rights," it is written in terms of pt expectations and responsibilities
- encourages healthcare providers to be more aware of the need to treat pts in an ethnical manner and to protect their rights
- the joint commission: contains sections on org ethics and individual rights
- requires ethnical behavior in care, treatment, services, and business practices
- pts values, preferences, need for information, & other factors that promote autonomy must be considered in their plan of care
- includes statement abt the need for meeting pt needs in the event care must be denied in the institution while you must also consider the org legal responsibility
- code of ethnics for nurses purposes:
- processes for ethnical practice
- clarify your values: the process of becoming conscious of and naming ones values
- if you clear abt ur values, u will be more able to make good decisions & to avoid imposing your values on others
- important to appreciate how other's values influence their decisions
- identify moral dilemmas: only problems that pose a question between competing & equally valuable interests are true dilemmas
- use a decision making model
- M O R A L
- Massage the dilemma
- Outline the options
- Resolve the dilemma
- Act by applying the chosen option
- Look back and evaluate
- look for a compromise
- a good compromise: one that preserves the integrity of all parties
- discussions are carried out in a spirit of mutual respect - all view points are respected and considered
- compromise solution itself is ethnically sound
- a good compromise: one that preserves the integrity of all parties
- participate on an ethnics committee
- develop guidelines ad policies, provide education and counseling, and in the case of ethnical dilemmas, review the case and provide a forum for the expression of the diverse perspectives of those involved
- usually follow one of three models when discussing a dilemma
- autonomy model
- patient benefit model
- social justice model
- improve your ethnical decision making
- nurses tend to use conventions as criteria for decision making rather than pt personal needs and well-being
- full-spectrum nurse must move from conventional (rules-bound) to the post-conventional (reasoning) stage of moral development
- use theoretical knowledge
- review nursing & other literature for discussion of cases and experiences of other nurses
- use self knowledge
- examine your personal value system
- explore the influences of your religion, cultural beliefs, and personal experiences
- use practical knowledge
- ask to attend either ethnical rounds or an ethnics committee meeting
- consult reliable sources
- attend ethnics education programs & discuss issues w healthcare providers, attorneys, ethicists, and clergy to obtain perspective of others
- share
- regularly engage in discussions w the staff on ur unit to determine differences in value systems & to collaborate proactively to identify methods to effectively resolves ethnical dilemmas
- evaluate
- use theoretical knowledge
- clarify your values: the process of becoming conscious of and naming ones values
Module 2: ethics
- morals and ethnics
- morals: private, personal, or group standards of right and wrong
- moral behavior reflects personal moral beliefs
- "in general, is it wrong to steal?"
- ethics: study of right and wrong conduct
- formal process for making consistent and logical moral decisions
- uses specific rules, theories, principles, and perspectives to inquire into the justification of an individual's actions in a particular situation
- "what should i do in a given situation?" (is it wrong to steal if you have to do it to feed your children?)
- morals: private, personal, or group standards of right and wrong
- nursing ethics
- ethical questions that arise of nursing practice
- what will your level of participation be in a given ethnically challenging situation?
- can you support clients' decisions based on their ethnical beliefs?
- what are your feelings about the results of decisions made by others?
- you are responsible for deciding the nature and extent of your own involvement in each situation
- must support pts who are making ethnical decisions or perhaps coping with the results of decisions made by others
- ethical questions that arise of nursing practice
- moral or ethical agency
- moral distress can occur when nurses are unable to act as moral agents
- nurses experience moral outrage when they perceive that others are behaving immorally
- sources of ethical problems: societal factors, the nature of nursing work
- societal factors: increased consumer awareness, technological advances, multicultural population, and cost containment
- societal factors: increased consumer awareness, technological advances, multicultural population, and cost containment
- moral or ethical agency for nurses: ability to base their practice on professional standards of ethical conduct and to participate in ethical decision making
- nurses have choices and are responsible for their actions
- ethnical agent must be able to do the following:
- perceive the difference between right and wrong
- understand abstract ethical principles
- reason and apply ethical principles to make decisions weigh alternatives, and plan sound ways to achieve goals
- decide and choose freely
- act according to choice (this assumes both the power and capability to act)
- nurses' ethical problems are immediate, serious, and frequent
- nurses have multiple obligations and relationships that can create conflicting loyalties
- employees with a relationship with the agency
- professionals with a special relationship with clients and inter-professional team members
- nurses expected to follow the provider's presciptions for client care, although the provider is not the nurse's employer
- most orgs providers are higher on the power and status hierarchy than are nurses
- ethnical dilemmas arise when nurses experience conflicts in their loyalties to clients, families, providers, and other nurses
- nurses as ethnical agents
- know the diff b/w right and wrong
- understand abstract ethnical principles
- apply ethnical principles in decision making
- weigh alternative principles in decision making
- decide and choose freely
- act acccording to choice
- consider value neutrality
- attempt to understand our own values regarding an issue and to know when to put them aside, if necessary, to become nonjudgemental when providing care
- it requires significant insight to recognize how your value-laden perspective impacts your perceptions and thus conclusion abt a situation
- values
- belief about the worth of something
- highly prized ideals, customs, goals
- freely chosen
- learned through observation and experience
- vary from person to person
- can change
- expressed through behaviors, feelings, knowledge, and decisions
- factors in moral decision making
- attitudes
- feelings toward person, idea, object
- includes thinking (cognitive), feeling (affective), & doing (behavioral) component
- what a person thinks
- beliefs
- something that one accepts as true
- not always based on fact, sometimes based on facts
- may or may not involve values
- attitudes
- ethnical principles
- autonomy: person's right to choose and ability to act on that choice
- based on respect for human dignity
- demonstrated when you:
- treat pt w/ considersation
- believe pt stories abt course & symptoms of their illnesses
- protect those who are unable to decide for themselves
- protect privacy and confidentiality
- nonmaleficence: duty to do no harm and to prevent harm
- refers to:
- actual harm
- risk of harm
- intentional harm
- unintentional harm: can occur bc lack of knowledge, skill, or ability
- refers to:
- beneficence: duty to do or promote good
- do no harm, prevent harm, remove harm, bring abt positive good
- paternalism: treating others like children
- can have neg outcome even though you think you are acting in their best interest
- fidelity (faithfulness): duty to keep promises
- basic part of every pt care situation
- veracity: duty to tell the truth
- justice: obligation to be fair
- equal treatment of all pts
- autonomy: person's right to choose and ability to act on that choice
- professional guidelines for ethnical decision making
- code of ethnics for nurses purposes:
- inform the public abt the profession's minimum standards
- demonstrate nursing's commitment to the public it serves
- outline major ethnical considerations of nursing
- provide general guidelines for professional behavior
- guide the profession's self-regulating functions
- remind us of the special responsibility we assume in caring for the sick
- international council of nurses (ICN)
- first adopted its code of ethics for nurses in 1953
- has since served as the standard for nurses worldwide
- stresses respect for human rights, including cultural rights, the right to life and choice, the right to dignity, and right to be treated with respect
- american nurses association (ANA)
- revised code of ethnics in 2015
- relevant in many practice settings and reflects current ethnical situations
- standards of care
- patient care partnership
- american hospital association (AHA) published a document: patient care partnership (2003)
- instead of using "rights," it is written in terms of pt expectations and responsibilities
- encourages healthcare providers to be more aware of the need to treat pts in an ethnical manner and to protect their rights
- the joint commission: contains sections on org ethics and individual rights
- requires ethnical behavior in care, treatment, services, and business practices
- pts values, preferences, need for information, & other factors that promote autonomy must be considered in their plan of care
- includes statement abt the need for meeting pt needs in the event care must be denied in the institution while you must also consider the org legal responsibility
- code of ethnics for nurses purposes:
- processes for ethnical practice
- clarify your values: the process of becoming conscious of and naming ones values
- if you clear abt ur values, u will be more able to make good decisions & to avoid imposing your values on others
- important to appreciate how other's values influence their decisions
- identify moral dilemmas: only problems that pose a question between competing & equally valuable interests are true dilemmas
- use a decision making model
- M O R A L
- Massage the dilemma
- Outline the options
- Resolve the dilemma
- Act by applying the chosen option
- Look back and evaluate
- look for a compromise
- a good compromise: one that preserves the integrity of all parties
- discussions are carried out in a spirit of mutual respect - all view points are respected and considered
- compromise solution itself is ethnically sound
- a good compromise: one that preserves the integrity of all parties
- participate on an ethnics committee
- develop guidelines ad policies, provide education and counseling, and in the case of ethnical dilemmas, review the case and provide a forum for the expression of the diverse perspectives of those involved
- usually follow one of three models when discussing a dilemma
- autonomy model
- patient benefit model
- social justice model
- improve your ethnical decision making
- nurses tend to use conventions as criteria for decision making rather than pt personal needs and well-being
- full-spectrum nurse must move from conventional (rules-bound) to the post-conventional (reasoning) stage of moral development
- use theoretical knowledge
- review nursing & other literature for discussion of cases and experiences of other nurses
- use self knowledge
- examine your personal value system
- explore the influences of your religion, cultural beliefs, and personal experiences
- use practical knowledge
- ask to attend either ethnical rounds or an ethnics committee meeting
- consult reliable sources
- attend ethnics education programs & discuss issues w healthcare providers, attorneys, ethicists, and clergy to obtain perspective of others
- share
- regularly engage in discussions w the staff on ur unit to determine differences in value systems & to collaborate proactively to identify methods to effectively resolves ethnical dilemmas
- evaluate
- use theoretical knowledge
- clarify your values: the process of becoming conscious of and naming ones values