RN

Anatomical Terms

Anatomical position:

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Standing upright with palms outward/up

Planes of Motion

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  • Frontal (or coronal)
    • Separates body into ventral (front) and dorsal (back) sections
  • Sagittal (or longitudinal)
    • Separates body into right and left sections 
  • Horizontal (or transverse/axial)
    • Separates body into superior and inferior sections

Types of Bones

  • Long bones
    • Hard, dense
    • Provide strength, structure and mobility
  • Short bones
    • Shaped as a rough cube; mostly spongy bone
    • Provide stability and facilitate motion
  • Flat bones
    • Spongy bone between two layers of compact bone
    • Protect internal organs or serve as a connection point between muscles
  • Irregular bones
    • Vary in shape and structure
    • Protect various parts of the body (eg: vertebrae)
  • Sesamoid bones
    • Round bone embedded within a tendon
    • Reinforce and decrease stress on tendon

Terms:

  • Medial: closer to the midline
  • Lateral: away from the midline
  • Proximal: close to the trunk or to the point of attachment
  • Distal: away to the trunk or to the point of attachment
  • Anterior: in the front
  • Posterior: in the back
  • Prone: lying face down
  • Supine: lying face up (on the back)

 

Actions

  • Flexion: bends joint (decreases angle between bones)

  • Extension: straightens joint (increases angle between bones)

  • Abduction: moving away from the midline of the body

  • Adduction: moving towards the midline of the body

  • Pronation: movement of turning hands to face posteriorly

  • Supination: movement of turning hands to face anteriorly

  • Plantarflexion: pushing down of the foot (top points away from leg)

  • Dorsiflexion: pulling back of the foot (toes brought closer to shin)

  • Inversion: turning foot so that the bottom is towards the midline

  • Eversion: turning foot so that the bottom is away from the midline

  • Internal Rotation: rotating a joint toward the midline

  • External Rotation: rotating a joint away from the midline

  • Ulnar Deviation: joint condition causing the wrist bones to shift, hence making the fingers bend towards the ulna bone

  • Radial Deviation: joint condition causing the wrist bones to shift, hence making the fingers bend towards the radial bone

  

 

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