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Rasputin – The Famous Russian Monk

Grigori Rasputin (1869–1916) was a Russian mage and self-proclaimed holy man who had a major influence over the last Tsar of Russia, Nicholas II, and his wife, Alexandra.

Believed to have healing powers, particularly over their son Alexei.

Seen as a symbol of corruption and superstition in the late Russian Empire.

Fun Fact: Rasputin’s death is surrounded by myths—he was allegedly poisoned, shot, and drowned, though recent research suggests poisoning was unlikely.

"Lushly-Bearded Predecessor" – Filofei

A Russian Orthodox monk from Pskov, active in the early 16th century.

Known for his letters to Grand Prince Vassilij III (Father of Ivan the Terrible).

Coined the idea of Moscow as the Third Rome in his writings.

Philosophy:

The idea that the true faith moved from Rome → Constantinople → Moscow.

Asserted that after Moscow, there would be no Fourth Rome:
"Two Romes have fallen. The third stands. And there will be no fourth."

The "Third Rome" Concept

First Rome:

The actual city of Rome, capital of the Roman Empire and birthplace of Catholic Christianity.
Fell due to invasions.

Second Rome:

Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), capital of the Byzantine Empire.
Fell to the Ottoman Empire.

Third Rome:

Moscow was the last bastion of true Christianity after Constantinople's fall.

Implications for today:

Russia’s modern political and religious identity sometimes draws on this historical notion of spiritual leadership.

Greenland’s Strategic Significance

Location:

Situated between North America and Europe, Greenland has increasing geopolitical importance due to climate change opening Arctic trade routes.

Resources:

Holds significant reserves of rare earth minerals, oil, and gas.

Military:

Home to the U.S.'s Thule Air Base, critical for missile detection and Arctic security.

Political Status:

Autonomous territory under the Kingdom of Denmark but with growing interest from major powers like the U.S. and China.

Unipolarity vs. Multipolarity (Polar)

Unipolarity

A global structure dominated by a single superpower.

Example: The United States' dominance after the Cold War (1991–early 2000s).

Multipolarity

A system with multiple powerful countries sharing global influence.

Example: The modern world, where the U.S., China, Russia, and the European Union all exert significant influence.

Core vs. Periphery (World-Systems Theory)

Core States

• Economically developed, technologically advanced, and politically powerful nations.

• Control international trade, finance, and political systems.

Periphery States

• Less developed countries, often reliant on core states for economic and political support.

• Supply raw materials and cheap labor to core states.

Semi-Periphery

• Countries transitioning from peripheral to core status, showing both dependency and influence.

Great Powers vs. Small Powers

Great Powers

• Nations with significant military, economic, and diplomatic influence globally.

• Typically permanent members of the UN Security Council.

Small Powers

• Nations with limited global influence, often relying on alliances for security.

• May have strategic importance due to geographic location but lack global decision-making power.

Controlling State vs. Client State

Controlling State

• A powerful nation that exerts influence over another country's policies and decisions.

• Example: U.S. influence over military decisions in South Korea.

Client State

• A weaker nation dependent on a controlling state for military protection, financial aid, or political guidance.

• Example: Eastern European countries under Soviet influence during the Cold War.

Soft Power vs. Hard Power

Soft Power

• Influence gained through culture, diplomacy, or economic aid rather than coercion.

Examples:

• U.S.: Hollywood, international education programs, diplomacy.

• Japan: Anime and cultural exports.

• China: Confucius Institutes for language and cultural promotion.

Hard Power

• Direct use of military force, economic sanctions, or coercive measures to influence other nations.

Examples:

• U.S.: Military interventions in the Middle East.

• Russia: Invasion of Ukraine.

• China: Economic blockades or territorial assertiveness in the South China Sea.

Foreign Assistance

Economic Aid

• Financial support, loans, grants, or trade deals.

Military Aid

• Provision of weapons, training, or military personnel.

Developmental Aid

• Investment in infrastructure, education, or health programs.

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Neo-Assyrian Empire

The Neo-Assyrian Empire was a dominant Mesopotamian power.

Key Capitals: Nimrud, Nineveh, Khorsabad

What it emulated or revived?

The glory of the Old and Middle Assyrian Empire.

Success?

The empire expanded dramatically and set new standards in governance and warfare.

Longevity

The Neo-Assyrian Empire not only revived ancient Assyrian traditions but also outlasted its earlier phases in terms of scale and influence.

Song Dynasty

A Chinese imperial dynasty marked by extraordinary cultural, economic, and technological progress.

Territory: (Northern Song - Southern Song)

Capitals: Kaifeng (Northern Song) and Hangzhou (Southern Song)

Economic and Technological Innovation:

• Movable type printing, gunpowder

• Neo-Confucianism

What it emulated or revived?

The Song sought to restore the earlier golden ages of the Tang Dynasty (Confucianism).

Success?

The dynasty succeeded.

Longevity Comparison:

Lasting over 300 years, the Song Dynasty had a significant duration but did not match the expansive military might or territorial control of some earlier dynasties like the Tang.

The Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire was the Eastern continuation of the Roman Empire, renowned for its blend of Roman law, Greek culture, and Christian tradition.

Capital: Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul)

What it emulated or revived?

The Byzantine Empire saw itself as the rightful heir to ancient Rome.

Success?

Yes, the Byzantines successfully preserved and transformed the Roman heritage.

Longevity:

The Byzantine Empire outlasted the Western Roman Empire by nearly a thousand years.

The Carolingian Empire

The Carolingian Empire was a Frankish realm established by Charlemagne.

Capital: Aachen served as the symbolic and administrative center.

What it emulated or revived?

The Carolingian Empire aimed to restore the grandeur of the Western Roman Empire with the concept of a unified Christian realm.

Success?

Yes, the empire successfully ignited a renaissance that preserved and advanced classical knowledge.

Longevity:

No, while it revived Roman ideals and left a lasting cultural impact, the Carolingian Empire itself was short-lived.

The Ottonian Dynasty

The Ottonian dynasty was a ruling family that re-established imperial authority in Central Europe.

Key Figures: Otto I (the Great), Otto II, Otto III

What it emulated or revived?

Roman & Carolingian Legacy: The Ottonians sought to revive the imperial traditions of ancient Rome and the Carolingians.

Success?

Yes

Longevity:

Although the Ottonian dynasty lasted only about a century, the Holy Roman Empire they helped forge endured much longer than the fragmented Carolingian realm they aimed to revive.

The Meiji Restoration

A transformative period beginning in 1868 in Japan that restored direct imperial rule under Emperor Meiji.

Key Figures: Emperor Meiji, reformists like Ito Hirobumi, and others who drove modernization

Notable Things to Know

Modernization & Industrialization: Japan swiftly adopted Western technology, reformed its military, and transformed its economy.

Social Reforms: The feudal class system was dismantled, paving the way for a modern legal, educational, and political structure.

What it emulated or revived?

The Restoration revived and reinforced imperial rule. It also emulated Western administrative, technological, and military practices to modernize Japan.

Success?

Yes, the reforms transformed Japan into an industrialized, centralized state.

Longevity:

The Meiji Restoration replaced the centuries-long Tokugawa shogunate, establishing enduring institutions that have shaped modern Japan.

Neo-Sovietism

Neo-Sovietism refers to a modern revival of Soviet-era symbols, ideologies, and administrative practices—most notably in Russia.

Political Nature:
Not a formal regime, but a cultural and political phenomenon

What it emulated or revived?

Neo-Sovietism sought to revive the Soviet Union's image of a powerful, unified state with a strong sense of national pride and international influence.

Success?

To a significant extent, yes.

Limitations:

While successful in cultivating a strong ideological and cultural influence, neo-Soviet practices have not fully replicated the Soviet model in economic or administrative terms.

Continuing Legacy:

The Soviet regime officially ended in 1991.

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Continuity:

Reconstruction can serve as a way to honor and perpetuate a building's historical, cultural, or symbolic significance.

Innovation:

On the other hand, modern reconstructions often incorporate contemporary materials, techniques, and design elements.

Bibliotheca Alexandrina

Continuation:

The Bibliotheca Alexandrina is designed as a revival of the ancient Library of Alexandria—a beacon of knowledge and scholarship.

Innovation:

Architecturally, it is a modern structure, equipped with advanced technology and contemporary design elements.

While it honors the past, it is built to function in today's digital and global context.

Notre Dame

• Continuation:

Following the tragic fire, the restoration of Notre Dame aims to revive the medieval cathedral's iconic architecture and cultural significance. Efforts focus on retaining its historic character.

• Innovation:

The reconstruction also embraces modern conservation techniques and safety standards. This blend of old and new creates a structure that honors its heritage while ensuring its durability for future generations.

Basilica of Saint Paul

• Continuation:

Whether referring to St. Paul's Cathedral or a similar basilica, reconstruction projects for such sacred sites usually focus on preserving religious and historical significance.

• Innovation:

New materials and methods might be introduced to address issues like structural integrity.

Babylon

• Continuation:

Reconstruction efforts in Babylon often evoke the grandeur of ancient Mesopotamia. These projects are less about exact replication and more about reviving the symbolic power of a once-great civilization.

• Innovation:

Modern interpretations may use contemporary design principles to reimagine what Babylon might have been.

Shuri Castle

• Continuation:

Shuri Castle's reconstruction is driven by a desire to reclaim Okinawa's historical and cultural identity.

Restorers strive to rebuild it as a symbol of the Ryukyuan kingdom's past glory.

Yellow Crane Tower

• Continuation:

With a history of multiple reconstructions, the Yellow Crane Tower embodies continuity through its enduring name and cultural significance. Each rebuilding has sought to capture the poetic and historical essence of the original.

• Innovation:

The evolving architectural styles and techniques used in each reconstruction reflect the changing artistic and technological context of its time, making each iteration a product of its era.

Stonehenge

• Continuation:

Geoglyph

Stonehenge is generally preserved as an archaeological site rather than fully reconstructed.

Shakespeare's Globe

• Continuation:

The reconstruction of Shakespeare's Globe in London serves as a cultural and historical revival of Elizabethan theatre. It closely follows the design and performance conditions of the original playhouse.

End of history

Put very simply, by "the end of history," Francis Fukuyama did not mean that we had reached a stage where nothing else would occur of historical significance - that all problems had been solved and politics would now be smooth sailing.

His argument was that history had revealed the ideal form of political organisation: liberal democratic states tied to market economies.  

Fukuyama's use of the word "history" here is synonyms "modernisation" or "development".  

For him, a liberal democratic state requires three things.

First, it is democratic, allowing elections, the outcomes of these elections resulting in the implementation of the will of the citizen.

Secondly, the state possesses sufficient strength and authority to enforce its laws and administer services.

Thirdly, the state - and its highest representatives - is itself constrained by law. Its leaders are not above the law.  

He argued Russia and China - remain vulnerable in two specific ways.

Firstly, he argues, their reliance on a single leader or small leadership group at the top virtually guarantees bad decision making over the long term.

Secondly, the absence of public participation means the support for such leaders is inherently volatile, liable to evaporate at any moment.  

A debt to Hegel and others

The phrase "the end of history" was not coined by Fukuyama.

It bears a history, and philosophical currency tracing back to the German philosopher Friedrich Hegel (who coined the term) and his modern interpreters Karl Marx and the Russian Born French philosopher and statesman Alexandre Kojève.

Hegel had argued that history has a telos or goal - an end point - equivalent to the emergence of a perfectly rational and just state.  

Hegel - according to Kojève - had witnessed this end of history with the French Revolution.

For Marx, the resolution of historical development would take the form of global communism.

This would mean the end of the exploitation of man by man, the dissolution of private property, which each individual would contribute "according to his ability," and consume "according to his needs".  

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A US-based travel agency is planning to revive the Pan American (Pan Am) brand for a short nostalgic transatlantic excursion in 2025 using a chartered Boeing 757. The company aims to provide an exclusive experience, recreating the defunct US airline's classic routes.

Pan Am was seen as the pinnacle of international air travel during the inter-war and post-war years, with their famous 'Clipper' flying boats becoming synonymous with offering a high-class of intercontinental air travel. The airline later became the pioneer of the jet age.

Pan Am later succumbed to increased competition on many of its routes. It was declared bankrupt in 1991, with two subsequent attempts at reviving the airline also ending in failure.

Having paid to use the Pan Am brand and logo under license, Centurion Travel has put a multi-city excursion on sale that spans cities on both sides of the Atlantic with the route:

New York - Bermuda - Lisbon - Marseille - London - Foynes - New York

Indeed, it was London that first received a Pan Am Boeing 747.

The venture is being led by Craig Carter, the current CEO of Pan American World Airways LLC, a US-based company that owns the rights to the original Pan Am logo and brand.

"As we are becoming more accustomed to travel being a commodity, usually a way to get from point A to point B at the most economical price, we offer a reminder of the Golden Age of travel," Centurion's website states. "A time when the travel itself was a glamorous experience, and when the journey was as important and special as the destination."

48

South Korean fashion retailer, SJ Group, has brought the famous American airline brand Pan Am into the country as a lifestyle brand, opening its first store inside the Shinsegae Starfield Coex Mall.

The first Pan Am retail store also introduced The Pan Am AW2022 Collection, which the brand described as "designed for both fashion and functionality".

The launch of the Pan Am lifestyle brand's first store will be followed by the opening of its first flagship location in Seongsu-dong, which is known as 'The Brooklyn of Seoul' with hip cafes and restaurants. Set to open its doors to the public, the store will present a series of content collaborations with local artists and labels, such as Nuri Yeon, Playmobil, and Arc.N.Book.

SJ Group aims to further increase Pan Am's physical presence in the country with plans to open 13 stores in the country, including those in Daejeon Shinsegae Art & Science department store, Hyundai Department Store Pangyo branch, and Lotte Department Store Busan main branch. SJ currently has a portfolio of five brands, including Kangol, Helen Kaminski, LCDC and Le Conte Des Contes.

Founded in 1927, Pan Am, an abbreviation for Pan American World Airways, was the largest international air carrier and unofficial flag carrier of the US during the 20th Century. An American drama series created by writer Jack Orman was named after the airline in 2011. The brand was also featured in the famous movie 'Catch Me If You Can' with Leonardo DiCaprio as a con artist disguising himself as a pilot of Pan Am.

49

RCA (Radio Corporation of America) was a pioneering electronics company.

What did they do?

They were at the forefront of radio and television manufacturing and broadcasting. When was their prime time?

Mid-20th century (roughly 1920s-1960s).

When did they die?

The original RCA ceased to exist as an independent entity by the 1980s.

• Were they resurrected?

Yes.

• Was the resurrection recent?

The revival has been ongoing over recent decades, with licensing deals emerging since

the late 20th century.

Same industry or another field?

Still in the consumer electronics field.

Westinghouse

• What is it?

Westinghouse was an industrial giant in electrical engineering and consumer appliances.

• What did they do?

They innovated in power generation, electrical systems, and household products, and

also played a role in nuclear energy.

• When was their prime time?

Mainly from the 1930s to the 1960s.

• When did they die?

The original consumer-focused divisions lost prominence by the 1980s, although the

industrial arm persisted.

• Were they resurrected?

Yes.

• Was the resurrection recent?

Modern revivals have occurred over the past few decades.

• Same industry or another field?

The brand exists in two areas: industrial (nuclear energy) and consumer products (TVs, lighting, appliances).

RadioShack

What is it?

RadioShack was a popular electronics retail chain.

• What did they do?

They provided electronics components, gadgets, and DIY tech solutions to a broad audience.

When was their prime time?

From the 1970s through the early 2000s.

When did they die?

The company filed for bankruptcy and closed most of its stores in the 2010s. Were they resurrected?

Yes.

• Was the resurrection recent?

Revival efforts have taken shape in the mid-to-late 2010s.

• Same industry or another field?

They remain in the electronics sector, albeit with a more niche, online-focused presence.

Gateway

What is it?

Gateway was a computer manufacturer, famous for its distinctive cow-spotted PC boxes. • What did they do?

They produced personal computers during the 1990s and were a key player in that era's tech market.

• When was their prime time?

The 1990s.

• When did they die?

They declined in the early 2000s as the market evolved.

• Were they resurrected?

There have been niche revival efforts.

Was the resurrection recent?

Yes, recent initiatives have surfaced, though on a smaller scale.

• Same industry or another field?

Still tied to technology, but mainly as a retro or lifestyle brand rather than a major PC

manufacturer.

Nokia

What is it?

Nokia is a telecommunications company renowned for its mobile phones. • What did they do?

They dominated the mobile phone market with durable, user-friendly devices.

When was their prime time?

Late 1990s to early 2000s.

• When did they die?

Their dominance faded with the advent of smartphones around 2010.

• Were they resurrected?

Yes.

• Was the resurrection recent?

Revival efforts started in the mid-2010s.

Same industry or another field?

They remain in the mobile industry.

• Brief info on the new resurrection:

The brand was revitalized by HMD Global, which now produces Nokia-branded

smartphones running on Android-combining the brand's reputation for durability with modern tech innovations.

Eastern airlines

• What is it?

Eastern Air Lines was a major American airline.

• What did they do?

They played a significant role in air travel during the mid-20th century, known for

extensive domestic and international routes.

When was their prime time?

1940s through the 1970s.

• When did they die?

The original airline ceased operations in 1991.

Were they resurrected?

Yes, there have been revival attempts.

• Was the resurrection recent?

Some efforts to revive the brand are recent, though they remain largely experimental.

• Same industry or another field?

Attempts have been made to bring the brand back into the airline industry.

Disposable cameras

What is it?

A low-cost, single-use film camera designed to capture snapshots on a roll of film.

• Prime Time:

Popular from the 1980s through the 1990s.

• Decline:

Fell out of favor in the early 2000s as digital cameras and smartphones made photography more convenient.

• Resurrection Details:

In recent years, disposable cameras have seen a revival among photography enthusiasts and event-goers. This comeback is driven by nostalgia and a desire for the distinctive, unpredictable aesthetic of film.

Handheld gaming devices

• What is it?

Portable video game consoles, such as the Game Boy, PSP, and others.

• Prime Time:

Rose to prominence from the late 1980s through the early 2000s.

• Decline:

Experienced a downturn as smartphones and mobile gaming apps offered a new,

always-connected alternative.

Resurrection Details:

There's renewed interest in retro gaming. Collectors and enthusiasts are revisiting classic

handheld consoles, and companies have even released retro-inspired devices and

mini-console collections that tap into the nostalgia of earlier eras.

Vinyl records

• What is it?

An analog format for storing and playing music on large, durable records.

• Prime Time:

Dominant from the 1950s to the 1980s.

• Decline:

Faced a major decline with the advent of CDs in the 1980s and digital music in the 2000s.

• Resurrection Details:

Since the early 2000s, vinyl has made a significant comeback. Music lovers now prize vinyl for its warm sound quality, large-format album art, and the tactile experience it offers-transforming it into a collector's item and a statement in music culture.

Film

What is it?

Traditional light-sensitive film used in analog cameras. Prime Time:

Widely used throughout most of the 20th century.

• Decline:

Saw a steep decline after the rise of digital photography around the early 2000s. • Resurrection Details:

Film photography has experienced a renaissance among both professionals and hobbyists who appreciate its unique aesthetic, grain quality, and the creative discipline required. This revival is partly fueled by a counter-movement to the over-saturation of digital images.

Shortwave radio

What is it?

A radio system that uses shortwave frequencies for long-distance communication and

international broadcasting.

Prime Time:

Highly popular from the 1940s through the Cold War era.

Decline:

Diminished in mainstream appeal as FM, digital broadcasting, and the internet took over. Resurrection Details:

Today, shortwave radio thrives within niche hobbyist and amateur radio communities. It's valued for its ability to reach remote areas and its role in emergency communications, as well as its appeal to those interested in international and historical broadcasts.

AM radio

What is it?

Radio broadcasting that uses amplitude modulation, historically a primary source for news, talk, and music.

• Prime Time:

The mid-20th century was its heyday.

• Decline:

Lost ground to FM and digital formats, which offered higher sound quality and more

channels.

Resurrection Details:

While not experiencing a mass revival, AM radio still maintains a niche following. Certain markets, especially rural areas and dedicated enthusiasts, continue to support AM broadcasts. Some stations are also leaning into nostalgia and local content to remain relevant.

Pager

• What is it?

A small telecommunications device used for receiving short text messages before cell phones became ubiquitous.

• Prime Time:

Widely used during the 1980s and 1990s, especially in industries like healthcare. • Decline:

Became largely obsolete with the advent of mobile phones and text messaging. • Resurrection Details:

Although not revived for mainstream consumer use, pagers still have a presence in certain sectors (like hospitals) due to their reliability. Additionally, vintage pagers have become collectible items among technology enthusiasts.

Magnetic tape storage

What is it?

A medium for recording data or audio on magnetized tape, once a primary method for

storage.

• Prime Time:

Dominant from the 1960s through the 1990s.

• Decline:

Largely replaced by digital storage solutions such as CDs, DVDs, and cloud storage. • Resurrection Details:

In the realm of audio production, magnetic tape is prized for its analog warmth and distinctive compression characteristics. Many studios and audiophiles continue to use tape machines for recording and mastering to achieve a specific vintage sound quality.

Physical media

• What is it?

Tangible formats for media such as CDs, DVDs, Blu-rays, vinyl records, and even printed books.

• Prime Time:

These formats were dominant before the widespread adoption of digital streaming and downloads.

• Decline:

Saw a decline as digital media became the preferred choice for music, movies, and games.

Polaroid

The age of digital photography had arrived, and Polaroid was doomed to live in the retrospectives and dusty attics of America for eternity, right?

Luckily, instant photography has made a monumental comeback in recent years, following in the footsteps of vinyl. Retro and analog media is the new aesthetic for millennials and Generation Z alike, and instant film has reaped the benefits of this once-niche craze.

Instant film and analog media are not just passing fads. These figures are a sign that consumers desire more forms of media that they can physically see and touch, or maybe just bring them back to a simpler time.

The benefits of instant film are often intangible. If you ask someone why they prefer the grainy. imperfect images, they will most likely reply with something along the lines of "I don't know, it's just cool I guess?"

"I suppose with everything being crystal-clear and high definition today, to have an object or a moment with quirks in it can somewhat appear to be more meaningful and memorable, maybe," said photographer Harleigh English in an interview with Happy Mag.

English's hypothesis about the allure of imperfection seems to be a driving force behind many of those who use instant film in today's age. In fact, the form has become a favorite among professional photographers solely for that reason.

Digital photography does have many benefits. Minimal costs after upfront purchase, being able to take thousands of photos on a whim and pure flexibility via numerous lenses are just a few. To many like fashion photographer Emily Soto, though, it's that lack of features that make instant film so attractive.

"One of the greatest things about shooting with Polaroid, and film in general, is the fact that it makes me step back and think about what I'm aiming to capture," Soto wrote in an article for Huffington Post. "With digital, it is easy to shoot so many frames in a short amount of time without taking the time to think through posing and emotion, for instance."

COULD IT JUST BE NOSTALGIA?

Millennials, grew up with the memory of instant Polaroid cameras and vinyl records. Research has shown that nostalgia weakens our desire for money, and as such, the business of selling our nostalgia back to us is almost always a profitable path.

If you're Rhiannon Lucy Cosslett from The Guardian, this latest instant film obsession is merely a depressing reminder that millennials cannot let go of the past.

This certainly negates the argument that it's all about the imperfections and tangibility of the film, and proves that many people may just want the latest Instax model to convince themselves they're still in the '80s.

GENERATION Z IS THE KEY

However, what about Generation Z? Fujifilm itself has admitted that the Instax camera (their most popular instant film camera) was reimagined in 2012 with a target demographic of "young women and girls with an eye for fashion and art."

According to Fujilfim, "these young people were looking for 'new' methods of self-expression."

This interest in self-expression is something Generation Z is known for, specifically with what products they consume. According to McKinsey & Company, Generation Z's spending habits are geared toward more personalized products, and they are willing to pay higher prices for them. Fujifilm's Instax is the perfect product for this generation, even if they didn't realize it.

The nature of instant photography allows for every shot to be unique, and in the process makes your average 12 to 25-year-old feel as if they're expressing their individuality.

The price of instant film, up to $1 a shot, was also an obstacle for many people after the rise of much cheaper digital options.

WHATEVER THE REASON...

Whether it's the intangible feeling it brings, nostalgia or lucky marketing aimed at a new generation, one thing is for certain: "Polaroid" film, vinyl and other analog media is here to stay.