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AP World History Study Guide Unit 1: The Global Tapestry (8%-10% of the AP test) (c. 1200 to c. 1450) TOPIC 1.1 Developments in East Asia from c. 1200 to c. 1450 CHINA Significance of the Song Dynasty: ° Under the Song Dynasty (960-1279), China enjoyed great wealth, political stability, and artistic and intellectual innovations. ° China developed the greatest manufacturing capability in the world. ° China became the world’s most commercialized society, shifting from local production to market production. ° Buddhism and Confucianism began to spread ° China’s bureaucracy expanded through meritocracy, allowing for greater social mobility. Economic Developments in Postclassical China ° The Grand Canal: An efficient waterway transportation system that enabled China to become the most populous trading area in the world. ° Gunpowder: Technology of gunpowder and guns spread from China to all parts of Eurasia via traders on the Silk Roads ° Agriculture: They built elaborate irrigation systems and used heavy plows pulled by water buffalo or oxen to increase productivity. Production of food increased and China’s population grew quickly. ° Tributes: An arrangement to gain income in which other states had to pay money or provide goods to honor the Chinese emperor. Social Structures in China ° ° The Song government provided aid to the poor and established public hospitals where people could receive care. ° It was expected that women would defer to men, seen in the constraint of foot binding. Religious Diversity in China ° Buddhism had come to China from its birthplace in India via the Silk Roads. o Three forms of Buddhism from India came to shape Asia, each developing a different emphasis: Theravada Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism, and Tibetan Buddhism o Followed the Four Noble Truth and the Eightfold Path ° Neo-Confucianism evolved in China between 770 and 840. It was a syncretic system, combining rational thought with the more abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism. JAPAN Feudalism ° For hundreds of years, Japan had been a feudal society without a centralized government. ° Landowning aristocrats, the daimyo, battled for control of the land, while the majority of people worked as rice farmers. Government ° In 1192, the Minamoto installed a shogun, or military ruler, to reign. For the following four centuries, Japan suffered from regional rivalries among aristocrats. ° Not until the l7th century would shoguns create a strong central government that unified the country. KOREA Connection to China Emperor gentry,aristocrats, wealthy landowners, civil service peasants,farmers, and artisans merchants ° Korea’s location gave it a very direct relationship with China and had a tributary relationship. ° It centralized its government in the style of the Chinese. ° Culturally, Koreans adopted both Confucian and Buddhist beliefs. Aristocracy ° Unlike with China, Koreans maintained a more powerful landed aristocracy that would not allow for the same amount of social mobility VIETNAM Social Structures ° Vietnamese women enjoyed greater independence in their married lives than did Chinese women in the Confucian tradition. ° Vietnamese preferred nuclear families, in which the father, mother and their children live in one household. ° Vietnamese villages operated independently of a national government; political centralization was nonexistent. ° They adopted a merit-based bureaucracy of educated men, but instead of pledging loyalty to the emperor, officials in Vietnam owed more allegiance to the village peasants. TOPIC 1.2 Developments in Dar al-Islam from c. 1200 to c. 1450 Innovations ° Advances in mathematics: Nasir al-Din al-Tusi laid the groundwork for making trigonometry a separate subject. ° Advances in literature: ‘A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah may be the most prolific female Muslim writer before the 20th century. Many of her works describe her journey toward mystical illumination. ° Advances in medicine: Medical advances and hospital care improved in cities such as Cairo, while doctors and pharmacists studied for examinations for licenses that would allow them to practice. Social Structures ° Islamic society viewed merchants as more prestigious than did other societies in Europe and Asia at the time. ° With the revival of trade on Silk Roads, merchants could grow rich from their dealings across the Indian Ocean and Central Asia. ° Muslim women enjoyed a higher status than Christian or Jewish women. o Allowed to inherit property and retain ownership after marriage. They could remarry if widowed. o Could receive a cash settlement if divorced. o Women could practice birth control. Transfers ° Preservation and commentaries on Greek moral and natural philosophy ° House of Wisdom in Abbasid Baghdad ° Scholarly and cultural transfers in Muslim and Christian Spain Islamic Rule in Spain ° In 711, Muslim forces successfully invaded Spain from the south. ° Most of the continent remained Christian, but Muslims ruled Spain for the next seven centuries. ° Umayyad rulers in Córdoba created a climate of toleration, with Muslims, Christians, and Jews coexisting peacefully. ° They also promoted trade, allowing Chinese and Southeast Asian products to enter TOPIC 1.3 Developments in South and Southeast Asia from c. 1200 to c. 1450 SOUTH ASIA Political Structures in South Asia ° Southern India was more stable than northern India. The first kingdom, the Chola Dynasty, reigned over southern India for more than 400 years (850—1267). ° Northern India experienced significantly more upheaval than did southern India. After the fall of the Gupta Empire, the Rajput kingdoms gradually formed in northern India and present-day Pakistan. ° Bringing Islam into India, the Delhi Sultanate reigned for 300 years, from the l3th through the l6th centuries. Religion in South Asia ° Before the arrival of Islam, most South Asians practiced Hinduism. ° Differences between Hinduism and Islam: o Hindus pray to many gods, while Mulims are strictly monotheistic. o Hindu artwork and temples are filled with pictures of deities, while Muslims disapprove of any visual representation of Allah. o Hinduism was associated with a hierarchical caste system, while Islam has always called for the equality of all believers. o Hindus recognize several sacred texts, while Muslims look to only the Quran for spiritual guidance. Social Structures in South Asia ° The arrival of Islam did little to alter the basic structure of society in South Asia. ° Most of those who tried to escape the grip of the caste system failed. ° India’s caste system is its strongest historical continuity. ° The Bhakti Movement: Beginning in the 12th century, some Hindus began to draw upon traditional teachings about the importance of emotion in their spiritual life. Rather than emphasize performing rituals or studying texts, they concentrated on developing a strong attachment to a particular deity. SOUTHEAST ASIA ° South Asia strongly influenced its neighbors, particularly the lands of Southeast Asia— today’s Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. Sea-Based Kingdoms ° The Srivijaya Empire (67H-1025) was a Hindu kingdom based on Sumatra. It built up its navy and prospered by charging fees for ships that traveled between India and China. ° The Majapahit Kingdom (1293—1520) based on Java had 98 tributaries at its height. Like Srivijaya, Majapahit held onto its power by controlling sea routes. Unlike Srivijaya, Majapahit was Buddhist. Land-Based Kingdoms ° The Sinhala dynasties in Sri Lanka had their roots in the arrival of early immigrants, most likely merchants, from northern India. ° Buddhists arrived in the 3rd century BCE and the island became a hub of Buddhist study. ° The Khmer Empire (802—1431) was situated near the Mekong River and was not dependent on maritime prowess for its power. The kingdom’s complex irrigation and drainage systems led to economic prosperity, making it one of the most prosperous kingdoms in Southeast Asia. TOPIC 1.4 State Building in the Americas The Mississippian Culture ° First large-scale civilization in North America ° Started in Mississippi River Valley ° The Mississippian society had a rigid class structure and a matrilineal society The Maya City-States ° Mayan civilization reached its height between 250 and 900 CE ° Mayans stretched over the southern part of Mexico and much of what is now Belize, Honduras, and Guatemala ° The main source of Mayan government was the city-state, each ruled by a king and consisting of a city and its surrounding territory. ° Each Mayan king claimed to be a descendant of a god (divine right) ° Mayan science and religion were linked through astronomy The Aztecs ° The Aztecs were originally hunter-gatherers who migrated to central Mexico from the north in the 1200s. ° In 1325, they founded their capital Tenochtitlan on the site of what is now Mexico City. ° They built a network of aqueducts and a pyramid that rose 150 fcet into the air. ° Aztecs developed a tributary system ° Aztec government was a theocracy, in which religious leaders had the power ° They worshipped hundreds of deities ° Worship among the Aztecs involved a great many rituals and feast days as well as human sacrifices. ° Women played an im[portant role in the Aztec tribute system since they made the highly valued cloth that local rulers demanded as part of the regular tribute. The Inca ° The Incan Empire was split into four provinces, each with its own bureaucracy. ° Instead of a tributary system, they were subject to the mit’a system, mandatory public service. ° The name Inca means “people of the sun” and Inti, the sun god, was the most important of the Incan gods. ° Priests diagnosed illnesses, solved crimes, predicted the outcome of battles, and determined what sacrifices should be made and to which god. ° The Inca developed sophisticated terrace systems for the cultivation of crops such as potatoes and maize. ° In 1533, the Spanish conquered the core of the empire TOPIC 1.5 State Bu