Untitled Flashcards Set

Why did Patriots invade Québec? (2)

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-They didn't want the British to be able to land in Canada and attack from the North

-Wanted to kick Britain out of Canada

DEFINITION

Was the Patriot invasion of Quebec successful?

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No, the French liked being under British rule

DEFINITION

Who led the 2 expeditions of the Quebec invasion?

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General Richard Montgomery

Colonel Benedict Arnold

DEFINITION

What ended Patriot invasion of Quebec? (3)

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Weather

Disease

British artillery

DEFINITION

What happened to General Montgomery?

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He died during Quebec invasion

DEFINITION

What happened to Colonel Arnold?

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Turned traitor and plotted to turn West Point over to the British

DEFINITION

What was written in "The American Crisis" by Thomas Paine?

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-The benefits of fighting the British

-All the problems you'll have if you go home and let Britain take over and you'll loose everything in the end

-Fight the Rev war or you're in trouble

DEFINITION

To who and why did Washington read "The American Crisis" aloud?

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Washington read it aloud to his troops to inspire them

DEFINITION

What was the outcome of the battle of Saratoga?

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-France entered the war on America's side

-turning point in the war

DEFINITION

Who led the battle of Saratoga?

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General Horatio Gates - American

General John Burgoyne - British

DEFINITION

Reason for Battle of Saratoga

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Britain wanted to separate New England colonies from the rest of the colonies

DEFINITION

Treaty of Amity and Commerce

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-France & America official alliance

- The absolute independence of the United States be recognized as a condition for peace with GB

-France recognized the U.S. as independent and offered trade

DEFINITION

When and where was the Treaty of Amity and Commerce signed?

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February 6, 1778

Paris

DEFINITION

Where was Frontier fighting? (Rev War)

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Along Ohio River Valley

Western NY and Penn

DEFINITION

What happened during frontier fighting?

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Frontiersmen banded together under George Rogers Clark to seize British outposts

DEFINITION

Result of frontier fighting?

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US takes over British forts and cuts off communication between Britain and Native Americans

DEFINITION

Why did the Native Americans side with the British?

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They didn't want Americans to spread west

DEFINITION

Did British have support from Southern Loyalists?

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No

-they were mad at Britain for taking their slaves

-and later Britts sparked outrage among southern Loyalists by burning farms and stealing livestock

DEFINITION

General Charles Cornwallis

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-British general who fought the Patriots in the south

-Surrounded at Yorktown and surrendered to George Washington

DEFINITION

Revolutionary War in Charleston

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-Clinton began to seize port cities

-Patriots under Lincoln failed to retake Charleston

-Cornwallis had Georgia and SC under British control

DEFINITION

Battle of Kings Mountain

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Patriot win by sharpshooting Britts

DEFINITION

Battle of Yorktown

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-Last major battle of the Revolutionary War

-Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army

-He surrendered October 19, 1781

DEFINITION

Treaty of Paris 1783 (4)

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-Ended the Revolutionary War

-Recognized the independence of the American colonies,

-Britain ceded all land to Mississippi River and west (US doubled in size)

-US agreed not to persecute Loyalists (didn't happen)

DEFINITION

Loyalist response to American Independence

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They moved to Canada to continue living under British rule

DEFINITION

Which Americans signed the Treaty of Paris 1783? (3)

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John Adams

John Jay

Ben Franklin

DEFINITION

Federal powers under Articles of Confederation (2)

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1. Federal gov could make treaties and alliances, maintain armed forces, and coin money

2. Federal gov had no power to levy taxes and no regulation of commerce

DEFINITION

Articles of Confederation

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-First US constitution

-States remain sovereign and independent and federal gov only used as last resort for disputes

-went into affect in 1781

DEFINITION

What led to the Constitutional Convention?

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Shay's Rebellion

Annapolis Convention

Economic issues

DEFINITION

New US Constitution- federal powers (4)

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Issue taxes

borrow and issue money

make laws

control military

DEFINITION

New US Constitution- states powers

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CAN NOT:

print money

wage war

wage war

levy taxes on imports

DEFINITION

What approach was taken to form the US Constitution?

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Federalist

Federal gov should have authority over the people, not the state govs

DEFINITION

Virginia Plan

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-Bicameral legislature

-representation based on population or wealth

-favored larger states

DEFINITION

New Jersey Plan

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A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress

DEFINITION

Great Compromise

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-States would have equal representation in the upper house of the legislature and

representation based on population in the lower house

-Separation of powers

DEFINITION

What are the Federalist Papers?

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-A series of essays published in support of ratifying the new constitution

-Argued that it would preserve the Union and empower the federal gov to act firmly in national interest

DEFINITION

Who wrote the Federalist Papers?

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James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay

DEFINITION

What was Adam Smith's position on representation?

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-The rich/ upper class will end up with all the power and become the representatives

-The representatives will be the elite and will be detached from the general population (farmers)

DEFINITION

What was Hamilton's position on representation?

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-They representatives will be in touch with the general public because they will be educated and have a broader understanding of society

-didn't want uneducated farmers in charge

DEFINITION

What were America's first political parties?

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Federalists and Anti-Federalists/Democratic Republicans

DEFINITION

Anti-Federalist beliefs (3)

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-central gov is dangerous -> corruption & tyranny

-concerned by no bill of rights

-strict interpretation of constitution

-agriculture

DEFINITION

2 big anti-federalist people

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Jefferson

Madison

DEFINITION

Federalist Beliefs

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-strong central gov

-loose interpretation of constitution

-urban & commercial growth

DEFINITION

Federalist leader

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Alexander Hamilton

DEFINITION

4 main ideas of Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations"

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1. division of labor

2. harder jobs -> higher wages, easy jobs -> lower wages

3. foreign markets

4. hated mercantilism, liked capitalism

DEFINITION

Why did the federal government sell land (ordinances)

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They couldn't tax under the AoC so they sold land to make money to Northwest pay off debt

DEFINITION

3 Ordinance years

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1784

1785

1787

DEFINITION

1784- Jefferson's ordinance

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territory population equal in size to the smallest state population to qualify for statehood

DEFINITION

1785 Land Ordinance

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Plan to divide new western land

- Six square mile townships.

- Thirty Six 640 acre sections per township.

- $1 an acre.

DEFINITION

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

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-division of NW territories into more than 3 but less than 5 states

-three stage process of state admittance:

1. appointed governor, secretary, and 3 judges to rule

2. an elected assembly and one elected non-voting delegate to congress

3. bill of Rights

DEFINITION

Three stage state approval (Northwest ordinance)

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1. appointed governor, secretary, and 3 judges to rule

2. an elected assembly and one elected non-voting delegate to congress

3. bill of Rights if 60,000+ population

DEFINITION

Influence of the Northwest Ordinance

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-encouraged education

-discouraged slavery

DEFINITION

Hamilton's federal debt solutions (3)

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-5% tariff on wide verity of goods and internal taxes

-federal bank

-increase manufacturing growth

DEFINITION

The Bank of United States was a ___ power

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implied

DEFINITION

Shay's Rebellion

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-farmers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes

-tried to raid a weapons dump in Springfield

DEFINITION

Result of Shay's Rebellion

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-Mass State legislature eliminated some taxes and fees on farmers

-Showed need for stronger central gov

DEFINITION

Jefferson's views on government

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-anti-federalist

-hated banks and big cities

-wanted a country of small farmers who could work for themselves

DEFINITION

Jay's Treaty (1794)

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-got British to withdraw from 6 NW territory posts

-joint commission to handle boundary disputes

-compensation agreement on seized ships

-freedom of commerce

-approved by 2/3 in senate

DEFINITION

Reason for Jay's treaty

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-British navy blocked American trade ships from getting to France/ Europe bc of French Revolution

-Wanted to keep US out of conflict

DEFINITION

Washington's Farewell Address

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Warned Americans:

-not to get involved in European affairs

-not to make permanent alliances,

-not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism

DEFINITION

Why did Washington leave after 2 terms?

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He didn't want people to think it was a lifetime position like a monarchy

DEFINITION

Cause of XYZ Affair

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American ships being plundered by France because the US didn't support them in war

DEFINITION

What was the XYZ affair?

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It was an effort by the French to get the United States to pay a bribe before they would negotiate

DEFINITION

Convention of 1800

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-A conference between the U.S. and France which ended the naval hostilities

-resolved XYZ Affair

DEFINITION

Jefferson primary doc main ideas (4)

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-no strong military - wanted militias for self defense only

-stay out of foreign affairs

-wanted to pay off national debt

-freedom of press & religion

DEFINITION

Jefferson's Economy (4)

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-slashed federal budget to help w/ debt

-fired all tax collectors

-wished for westward expansion and access to international markets

-repealed whiskey tax

DEFINITION

Why were federalists opposed to the Louisiana Purchase? (4)

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-didn't want to deal with Native Americans

-thought settlement was unlikely

-expansion would weaken central gov

-didn't want more democratic-republican/ rural states

DEFINITION

Why did Burr challenge Hamilton to a duel?

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-Burr ran for NY governor and Hamilton campaigned against him

-Hamilton talked trash published in Albany Register

-Burr released Ham's cheating documents

DEFINITION

What did Burr do after Ham duel?

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Fled to South Carolina bc charged w/ murder

DEFINITION

Results of the 1800 presidential election

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-Jefferson and Burr tie

-House of Reps chooses Jefferson

DEFINITION

Judiciary Act of 1801

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a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists

DEFINITION

Marbury vs. Madison and results (3)

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-Marbury refused to deliver federalist Marbury's letter of appointment

-led to the Judiciary Act of 1789 being repealed

-start of judicial review

DEFINITION

Burr Conspiracy (4)

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-Scheme by Vice-President Aaron Burr to lead the succession of the Louisiana Territory from the US and create his own empire

-1806 arrested but led go

-fled to Europe

-eventually returned to NY and became a lawyer

DEFINITION

Results of 1804 election

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-Jefferson wins 92% of electoral college votes

-beginning of end for federalists

DEFINITION

US vs Mediterranean Pirates (4)

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-Barbary pirates ransack US ships

-US ship taken hostage, ransom paid, ship burned anyways

-US sends over more ships

-US & western Europe hated Islamic people

DEFINITION

Causes of the War of 1812

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-Britain declared naval blockade of entire European coast & Caribbean (stopped US ships)

-John Piece killed by British troops

-British impressment off US ships

DEFINITION

What was Britain's policy of impressment?

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boarding US vessels, kidnapping Americans and forcing them to serve in British army

DEFINITION

Jefferson's response to British interference with American ships

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Embargo Act 1807

DEFINITION

Embargo Act 1807

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-Banned ALL foreign trade

-American ships couldn't leave foreign ports

DEFINITION

Results of Embargo Act

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-Crippled US economy

-Federalists outraged at legislation

-Non-Intercourse Act

DEFINITION

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

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-Replaced Embargo Act

-trade will all nations EXCEPT Britain and France

DEFINITION

Andrew Jackson - War of 1812

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Andrew led US to victory in New Orleans

DEFINITION

Result of Fort McHenry (Baltimore)

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-Fort bombed for 25 hours

-Fort did not fall and Britain retreated

-Francis Scott Key wrote Star Spangled Banner

DEFINITION

Treaty of Ghent 1814

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-Ended the War of 1812

-returned prisoners

-restore previous boundaries

-cut off British and Native American communication

DEFINITION

War of 1812 - Battle of New Orleans

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-2,000 British casualties in 30 minutes

-Jackson a national hero

DEFINITION

Cause of Hartford Convention

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Federalists didn't agree with War of 1812

DEFINITION

Hartford Convention proposed amendments (5)

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1. Get rid of slave representation

2. 2/3 congressional approval for war, admission of states, foreign commercial rulings

3. No trade embargos over 60 days

4. No foreign born allowed to hold federal office

5. Presidential one terms and always from a diff state than predecessor

DEFINITION

Hartford Convention Response

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-requests ignored in DC

-seen as disunion and treason

-Federalist party ruined

DEFINITION

Market Revolution

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-economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves

-able to sell goods over vast distances

DEFINITION

Market revolution stagecoach improvement

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NY to Boston 4 days

Added 4,000 miles of paved road and turnpikes

NY to Boston 1.5 days

DEFINITION

Inventors of the Steamboat

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-First built by Fitch and Ramsey but didn't catch on

-Robert Fulton had first steamboat commercial success

DEFINITION

Erie Canal

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-most financial successful artificial waterway

-connects NY with Midwest (Chicago)

DEFINITION

Why were steamboats popular?

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-They could go upstream

-Fast

-could carry a lot

DEFINITION

Effect of Erie Canal (4)

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-tons of people moved west because there were better job opportunities

-more jobs

-manufacturing industry

-turned Midwest into economic powerhouse

DEFINITION

Why were railroads better than steamships? (5)

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-easier to make railways than waterways

-could carry more

-faster

-they can take good west

-doesn't rely on weather/ season

DEFINITION

Increase in railroads

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1830 - 23 mi

1850 - 30,626 mi

DEFINITION

Who built the first locomotive?

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Briton George Stephenson

DEFINITION

3 major inventions of the market revolution

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-Post offices

-Steam powered printing presses (penny press)

-Telegraph system & Morse code

DEFINITION

2 new technologies that helped spark the Industrial Revolution

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water-powered mills

coal-powered steam engines

DEFINITION

4 inventions of the Industrial Revolution

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cotton gin

horse-drawn reaper

riding plow

vulcanization process for rubber

DEFINITION

two factors of the Industrial Revolution

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populated cities

mass manufacturing

DEFINITION

Who invented the cotton gin?

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Eli Whitney (1793)

DEFINITION

Who invented the horse-drawn reaper?

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Cyrus McCormick (1831)

DEFINITION

Who invented the riding plow?

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John Deere (1837)

DEFINITION

Who invented vulcanized rubber?

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Charles Goodyear (1844)

DEFINITION

The cotton gin caused the cost of producing cotton to fall by __%

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90%

DEFINITION

___ of the worlds cotton was produced in the American South

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2/3

DEFINITION

Second Middle Passage (2)

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-The massive trade of slaves from the upper South to the lower South that took place between 1810 and 1860 because of cotton plantations

-The largest forced migration in American History

DEFINITION

Industrial Revolution population migration

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-more then half the population lived west of the Appalachian mountains

-farmers moved west for cheap land

DEFINITION

Lowell System (2)

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-all stages of textile production done under one roof

-all employees (women) lived in company housing and had to follow leader's rules and morals

DEFINITION

How were women treated in the textile mills? (4)

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-long hours, decent pay

-couldn't do anything on their own without a man

-no one listened when they went on strike

-not allowed to form unions

DEFINITION

What did women do with the money they earned at the mills?

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Send it home so their brothers (or some man) could get an education

DEFINITION

Why did women stop working at the textile mills?

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Immigrants replaced women in the factories

DEFINITION

Impact of the Industrial Revolution (3)

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-American manufacturing increased by 800%

-city populations doubles

-urban population rose from 5% to 16%

DEFINITION

When and what was the greatest influx of immigration in US history?

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1845-1854

2.4 mil/ 14.5% of total population

DEFINITION

By 1860 in every was a foreign born

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1 in every 8

DEFINITION

2 highest immigration countries

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Germany (European revolutions)

Ireland (potato famine)

DEFINITION

What caused the American / Know Nothing Party?

TERM

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-people hated Catholicism and a lot of Irish immigrants were Catholic

-spurred the Order of the Star Spangled Banner which grew into the party

DEFINITION

American (Know-Nothing) Party Beliefs (3)

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-wanted to curb immigration

-pledged never to vote for any foreign born Catholic candidate

-published tons of anti-Irish propaganda

DEFINITION

Nativeism

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A discriminatory belief that only native born protestant Americans should hold positions of authority

DEFINITION

Why did people support the Know Nothing party? (Know Nothing doc)

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they feared being taken over by the pope and Catholics

DEFINITION

(5) What were the political views of the Nativists? (Know Nothing doc)

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-thought the Irish were controlled and took orders from the Pope

-new residency requirements for citizenship (25 yrs)

-limit immigration

-limit alcohol sales

-only protestant teachers

DEFINITION

How big was the Know Nothing party?

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-1 mil + members

-several members in congress and politics

DEFINITION

Why did the Know Nothing party fall?

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They took a pro-slavery position in the north

DEFINITION

Commonwealth v. Hunt

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1842 - Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled the common law doctrine of criminal conspiracy did not apply to labor unions

DEFINITION

Original opinions of US unions

TERM

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-deemed unlawful

-protestors seen as criminals

-first protested wage declines

DEFINITION