Recording-2025-02-25T16:12:51.807Z

Production Systems

• Types of Production:

  • Production for living needs and basic subsistence.

  • Accumulation of wealth can also be a factor but is not the primary focus for all groups.

Modes of Production

• Hunter-Gatherer Societies & Subsistence Agriculture:

  • Diverse practices exist even within similar cultural settings.

  • Example: Wampanoag tribe practices illustrate various production methods.

Seasonal Migration

• Adaptation to Biodiversity:

  • Seasonal migration patterns from villages to winter hunting grounds.

  • Adaptation to the annual cycle of spatial and temporal biodiversity is crucial.

• Geographical Context:

  • Lowland, riverine, and coastal areas are where agriculture is practiced.

  • These zones allow for village/town settlements and exploitation of fertile soils.

Agricultural Practices

• Growth Cycle:

  • Planting in spring, tending during summer, and harvesting in fall.

  • Seed Storage: Seeds are stored in villages until planting next cycle after winter.

• Winter Practices:

  • Migration to higher grounds for hunting and tracking.

  • Hunting and gathering intensify during winter months.

  • Activities in Winter:

    • Hunting deer, otter, and fishing.

    • Gathering berries, medicinal herbs, and shellfish also occurs.

Societal Focus

• Subsistence vs. Wealth Accumulation:

  • Primary focus on subsistence rather than accumulation of wealth.

  • Most production activities are aimed at sustaining families, villages, and tribes.

• Trade Networks:

  • Despite the focus on subsistence, extensive trade networks exist.

  • Not exclusive to subsistence but often forms the basis of day-to-day living.