Untitled Flashcards Set

Lesson 1 : EVOLUTION OF ENERGY PRODUCTION

Before Industrial Revolution (16th-18th Century)

Energy sources: 

• Biomass (Firewood And Manure)

• Muscular (Human and Animal)

• Wind Energy (Old Mill, Wind Turbine)

• Water (Water Mill)

Industrial Revolution (19th Century)

Energy sources: 

• Coal

• Fossil Fuels 

• Natural Gas 

• Thermal Energy 

THE STEAM ENGINE 

Steam engine, machine using steam power to perform mechanical work through the agency of heat 

https://www.britannica.com/technology/steam-engine

Early 20th Century 

Energy sources:

• Oil

• Petroleum 

THE INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE

Internal-combustion engine, any of a group of devices in which the reactants of combustion (oxidizer and fuel) and the products of combustion serve as the working fluids of the engine.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/internal-combustion-engine  

Late 20th Century 

Energy sources:

• Solar Energy 

• Wind Energy 

• Water And Wave Energy 

• Geothermal Energy 

• Nuclear Energy 

The 21st Century 

Where are we now?

Lesson 2 : FOOD HUNTING AND GATHERING STAGE 

What is a Hunter-gatherer?

Hunter-gatherer is a type of subsistence lifestyle that relies on hunting and fishing animals and foraging for wild vegetation. They are nomadic groups of people that follow herds of animals as they migrate around the land.

Brief History

During the Paleolithic and Mesolithic eras, about 12,000 years ago, humans were primarily hunter-gatherers. The remnants of this era are the Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and the Neanderthals. 

Because they did not rely on agriculture, they used mobility as a survival strategy. Indeed, the hunter-gatherer lifestyle required access to large areas of land, between seven and five hundred square miles, to find the food they needed to survive.

Foraging Process 

Foraging is the act of harnessing food from the wild.

1. Gathering 

2. Scavenging 

3. Hunting 

Hunting Tools used by Hunter and Gatherers 

1. Sharpened stones (Oldowan tools)

2. Stone handaxe (Acheulean tools)

3. Acheulean tools (Levallois technique)

4. Cutting blades (Aurignacian industry)

5. Small, sharp micro blades (Magdalenian culture)

6. Axes, celts, chisels (Neolithic tools)

https://www.history.com/news/hunter-gatherer-tools-breakthroughs

Lesson 3 :AGRICULTURE 

What is Agriculture?

Agriculture is the process of ploughing fields, growing crops and raising animals. 

Agriculture’ in English which is derived from the Latin word “Ager” or “Agri” which means soil and Culture means cultivation.

Brief History 

Taking root around 12,000 years ago, agriculture triggered such a change in society and the way in which people lived that its development has been dubbed the “Neolithic Revolution.” Traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyles, followed by humans since their evolution, were swept aside in favor of permanent settlements and a reliable food supply. 

https://foodsystemprimer.org/production/history-of-agriculture

Types of Agriculture 

Shifting Agriculture 

an agricultural system in which plots of land are temporarily cultivated, then abandoned, in which fallow vegetation is allowed to grow freely after disturbance while the cultivator moves on to another plot. 

• - Taungya System - Combines tree planting with agriculture, helping reforest cleared land while growing crops.

• Ladang Farming - Found in Southeast Asia, it involves clearing land for cultivation and rotating crops with fallow periods.

Subsistence Agriculture 

Occurs when farmers grow crops on small landholdings to meet their own and their family’s needs. Subsistence farming specialists aim to produce agriculture for survival and mostly for local needs, with little or no surplus.

Intensive Agriculture

Intensive Agriculture is a method of farming in which large amounts of labor and investment are used to increase the yield of the land.

• Plantation Agriculture - is a form of agriculture in which a single person or company owns a large farm and grows a single crop (often corn, wheat, sunflowers, cotton, etc.).

• Commercial Agriculture - known as agribusiness, is a farming system in which crops are grown and livestock are raised to sell products in the market to make money.

• Animal Agriculture - the practice of breeding animals for the production of animal products and for recreational purposes

• Poultry (Chickens)

• Hog Farming (Pigs)

• Cattle Farming 

• Aquaculture (Fish, Shellfish and other aquatic organisms)

Mixed Farming

Is a practice in which multiple agricultural activities besides growing crops take place on the same piece of land. A crop can be grown along with farming activities like livestock rearing, beekeeping, fish farming etc.