Human Growth and Development Flashcards

Self-Actualization

• Self-actualization means individuals have reached their full potential or are what they want to be.

Meeting Needs

• When needs are felt, individuals are motivated to act.

• If a need is met, satisfaction occurs.

• If a need is not met, tension occurs.

Direct Methods of Meeting Needs (Example of a Student)

• Scenario: A 10th-grade student wants to become a respiratory therapist and attend an expensive private school, but money is limited.

  • A. Hard work: The student could work hard to earn more money for tuition or study diligently to potentially earn scholarships.

  • B. Realistic goals: The student could attend a less expensive school initially and later transfer to the desired private school.

  • C. Situation evaluation: The student could explore alternative paths such as financial aid, grants, or student loans.

  • D. Cooperation: The student could work with community organizations or seek sponsorships to help fund their education.

Hierarchy of Needs

• Lower-level needs must be met before an individual can try to meet higher-level needs.

Physiological Needs (Six Examples)

• Food

• Water

• Oxygen

• Elimination of waste materials

• Sleep

• Protection from extreme temperatures

Threats to Safety (Three Examples)

• New environment

• Change in routine

• Marital problems

• Job loss

Hesitation to Take a Job

• A person might hesitate to take a job with prestige and a high salary in an area with a high crime rate because of safety needs.

• A new environment can threaten their safety.

Social Acceptance

• When an individual feels safe and secure and all physiological needs have been met, they strive for social acceptance, friendship, and to be loved.

• Individuals who feel safe and secure are more willing to accept change and face unknown situations.

Satisfying the Need for Love and Affection (Three Ways)

• Making friends

• Establishing social contacts

• Receiving acceptance from others.

Sexuality

• Sexuality encompasses a person's sexual life and experiences, feelings concerning their masculine/feminine natures, their ability to give and receive love and affection, and their roles in the reproduction of the species.

Long-Term Care Facilities and Sexuality

• Long-term care facilities recognize that sexuality needs do not cease in late adulthood.

• Some facilities allow married couples to share a room.

Esteem and Self-Respect

• An individual begins to feel esteem and gain self-respect when others show respect, approval, and appreciation.

Infant Development (First Year)

• a. Roll from side to back: 2-4 months

• b. Sit unsupported, grasp moving objects, and transfer objects from one hand to another: 6-8 months

• c. Walk without assistance: 12 months

• d. Understand some words and make basic sounds: 6 months

• e. Show distress, delight, anger, disgust, and fear: 4-6 months

• f. Become shy and withdraw from strangers: 6 months

• g. Mimic and imitate gestures and facial expressions: 12 months

Early Childhood Development

• a. Learn bladder and bowel control: 2-4 years

• b. Make decisions based on logic instead of trial and error: 4 years

• c. Make decisions based on past and present experiences: 6 years

• d. Display frequent temper tantrums: 2 years

• e. Show less anxiety when faced with new experiences: 6 years

• f. Friends of their own age become important: 6 years

Two-Year-Olds in the Hospital

• It is important to encourage parents to bring a familiar object, such as a blanket or favorite toy, with the child to provide comfort and security.

Autism

• Autism is a broad range of conditions that impairs an individual's ability to communicate.

• Signs and Symptoms:

  • Impaired social skills

  • Repetitive behaviors

  • Speech difficulties

  • Nonverbal communication challenges

Abstract Concepts (Late Childhood)

• Loyalty

• Honesty

• Values

• Morals

Puberty

• Puberty is a period of growth and development during which secondary sexual characteristics begin to develop.

Growth vs. Development

• Growth: Measurable physical changes that occur throughout a person's life.

• Development: Changes in intellectual, mental, emotional, social, and functional skills that occur over time.

Types of Growth and Development

• a. Physical: Body growth, including height and weight changes, muscle and nerve development, and changes in body organs.

• b. Mental: Intellectual development, including learning how to solve problems, make judgments, and deal with situations.

• c. Emotional: Feelings and includes dealing with love, hate, joy, fear, excitement, and other emotions.

• d. Social: Interactions and relationships with other people.

Definitions

• a. Assimilation: The process by which a person's mind takes in information from the environment.

• b. Accommodation: The process of changing cognitive ideas based on new information.

• c. Equilibrium: A balance with the environment.

Reflex Actions in Infants

• a. Response to a loud noise or sudden movement: Moro, or startle reflex

• b. Response to a slight touch on the cheek: Rooting reflex

• c. Response to a slight touch on the lips: Sucking reflex

• d. Response when an object is placed in the hand: Grasp reflex

Causes of Conflict During Adolescence

• Uncertain feelings

• Feeling inadequate and insecure

• Responding more to peer group influences

• Being wary about their appearance, abilities, and relationships with others

Reasons for Chemical Abuse

• Anxiety or stress relief

• Peer pressure

• Escape from emotional or psychological problems

• Experimentation with feelings

Signs of Suicidal Thoughts

• Neglect of personal hygiene

• Excessive fatigue or agitation

• Withdrawal, depression, moodiness

• Injuring one's body

• Alcohol or drug abuse

Responding to Suicidal Statements

• Do not ignore a friend's comment like "I'd rather be dead!"

• Offer support because they are clearly asking for attention or help.

Major Changes/Decisions in Early Adulthood

• Dealing with independence

• Making career choices

• Establishing a lifestyle

• Selecting a marital partner

• Starting a family

Satisfaction vs. Stress in Middle Adulthood

• Satisfaction:

  • Job stability

  • Financial success

• Stress:

  • Loss of job

  • End of childbearing

  • Fear of aging

  • Loss of youth

Physical Changes in Late Adulthood

• Skin becomes dry, wrinkled, and thinner.

• Brown and yellow spots appear.

• Muscles lose tone and strength.

• Memory loss can occur.

• Hair becomes thin and loses luster and shine.

• Bones become brittle and porous, more likely to break.

• Kidneys and bladder are less efficient.

• The heart is less efficient, circulation decreases.

Variability of Aging

• Not all individuals show physical changes of aging in their 60s and 70s.

• It depends on health and living conditions.

• Many individuals do not show physical changes of aging until their 70s or even 80s.

Emotional Adjustments in Late Adulthood

• Physical disabilities

• Retirement

• Loss of spouse or friends

• Potential financial problems