Human Growth and Development Flashcards

Self-Actualization

  • Self-actualization means individuals have reached their full potential or are what they want to be.

Meeting Needs

  • When needs are felt, individuals are motivated to act.

  • If a need is met, satisfaction occurs.

  • If a need is not met, tension occurs.

Direct Methods of Meeting Needs (Example of a Student)

  • Scenario: A 10th-grade student wants to become a respiratory therapist and attend an expensive private school, but money is limited.

    • A. Hard work: The student could work hard to earn more money for tuition or study diligently to potentially earn scholarships.

    • B. Realistic goals: The student could attend a less expensive school initially and later transfer to the desired private school.

    • C. Situation evaluation: The student could explore alternative paths such as financial aid, grants, or student loans.

    • D. Cooperation: The student could work with community organizations or seek sponsorships to help fund their education.

Hierarchy of Needs

  • Lower-level needs must be met before an individual can try to meet higher-level needs.

Physiological Needs (Six Examples)

  • Food

  • Water

  • Oxygen

  • Elimination of waste materials

  • Sleep

  • Protection from extreme temperatures

Threats to Safety (Three Examples)

  • New environment

  • Change in routine

  • Marital problems

  • Job loss

Hesitation to Take a Job

  • A person might hesitate to take a job with prestige and a high salary in an area with a high crime rate because of safety needs.

  • A new environment can threaten their safety.

Social Acceptance

  • When an individual feels safe and secure and all physiological needs have been met, they strive for social acceptance, friendship, and to be loved.

  • Individuals who feel safe and secure are more willing to accept change and face unknown situations.

Satisfying the Need for Love and Affection (Three Ways)

  • Making friends

  • Establishing social contacts

  • Receiving acceptance from others.

Sexuality

  • Sexuality encompasses a person's sexual life and experiences, feelings concerning their masculine/feminine natures, their ability to give and receive love and affection, and their roles in the reproduction of the species.

Long-Term Care Facilities and Sexuality

  • Long-term care facilities recognize that sexuality needs do not cease in late adulthood.

  • Some facilities allow married couples to share a room.

Esteem and Self-Respect

  • An individual begins to feel esteem and gain self-respect when others show respect, approval, and appreciation.

Infant Development (First Year)

  • a. Roll from side to back: 2-4 months

  • b. Sit unsupported, grasp moving objects, and transfer objects from one hand to another: 6-8 months

  • c. Walk without assistance: 12 months

  • d. Understand some words and make basic sounds: 6 months

  • e. Show distress, delight, anger, disgust, and fear: 4-6 months

  • f. Become shy and withdraw from strangers: 6 months

  • g. Mimic and imitate gestures and facial expressions: 12 months

Early Childhood Development

  • a. Learn bladder and bowel control: 2-4 years

  • b. Make decisions based on logic instead of trial and error: 4 years

  • c. Make decisions based on past and present experiences: 6 years

  • d. Display frequent temper tantrums: 2 years

  • e. Show less anxiety when faced with new experiences: 6 years

  • f. Friends of their own age become important: 6 years

Two-Year-Olds in the Hospital

  • It is important to encourage parents to bring a familiar object, such as a blanket or favorite toy, with the child to provide comfort and security.

Autism

  • Autism is a broad range of conditions that impairs an individual's ability to communicate.

  • Signs and Symptoms:

    • Impaired social skills

    • Repetitive behaviors

    • Speech difficulties

    • Nonverbal communication challenges

Abstract Concepts (Late Childhood)

  • Loyalty

  • Honesty

  • Values

  • Morals

Puberty

  • Puberty is a period of growth and development during which secondary sexual characteristics begin to develop.

Growth vs. Development

  • Growth: Measurable physical changes that occur throughout a person's life.

  • Development: Changes in intellectual, mental, emotional, social, and functional skills that occur over time.

Types of Growth and Development

  • a. Physical: Body growth, including height and weight changes, muscle and nerve development, and changes in body organs.

  • b. Mental: Intellectual development, including learning how to solve problems, make judgments, and deal with situations.

  • c. Emotional: Feelings and includes dealing with love, hate, joy, fear, excitement, and other emotions.

  • d. Social: Interactions and relationships with other people.

Definitions

  • a. Assimilation: The process by which a person's mind takes in information from the environment.

  • b. Accommodation: The process of changing cognitive ideas based on new information.

  • c. Equilibrium: A balance with the environment.

Reflex Actions in Infants

  • a. Response to a loud noise or sudden movement: Moro, or startle reflex

  • b. Response to a slight touch on the cheek: Rooting reflex

  • c. Response to a slight touch on the lips: Sucking reflex

  • d. Response when an object is placed in the hand: Grasp reflex

Causes of Conflict During Adolescence

  • Uncertain feelings

  • Feeling inadequate and insecure

  • Responding more to peer group influences

  • Being wary about their appearance, abilities, and relationships with others

Reasons for Chemical Abuse

  • Anxiety or stress relief

  • Peer pressure

  • Escape from emotional or psychological problems

  • Experimentation with feelings

Signs of Suicidal Thoughts

  • Neglect of personal hygiene

  • Excessive fatigue or agitation

  • Withdrawal, depression, moodiness

  • Injuring one's body

  • Alcohol or drug abuse

Responding to Suicidal Statements

  • Do not ignore a friend's comment like "I'd rather be dead!"

  • Offer support because they are clearly asking for attention or help.

Major Changes/Decisions in Early Adulthood

  • Dealing with independence

  • Making career choices

  • Establishing a lifestyle

  • Selecting a marital partner

  • Starting a family

Satisfaction vs. Stress in Middle Adulthood

  • Satisfaction:

    • Job stability

    • Financial success

  • Stress:

    • Loss of job

    • End of childbearing

    • Fear of aging

    • Loss of youth

Physical Changes in Late Adulthood

  • Skin becomes dry, wrinkled, and thinner.

  • Brown and yellow spots appear.

  • Muscles lose tone and strength.

  • Memory loss can occur.

  • Hair becomes thin and loses luster and shine.

  • Bones become brittle and porous, more likely to break.

  • Kidneys and bladder are less efficient.

  • The heart is less efficient, circulation decreases.

Variability of Aging

  • Not all individuals show physical changes of aging in their 60s and 70s.

  • It depends on health and living conditions.

  • Many individuals do not show physical changes of aging until their 70s or even 80s.

Emotional Adjustments in Late Adulthood

  • Physical disabilities

  • Retirement

  • Loss of spouse or friends

  • Potential financial problems