flvs unit 8 solutions study guide

[[8.01:[[

• water is ==polar==
  • has a -oxygen end and a +hydrogen end
  • attracts other molecules. "sticky"
• ==cohesion==- when water molecules stick together
  • ==hydrogen bonding== happens between water molecules
• lemonade
  -water = solvent
  -powder = solute
• stronger attraction= easier to dissolve.

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]]8.02: molarity, dilutions]]

@@concentration@@- ratio of solvent to solute.

can be measured in:

• @@molarity@@- 3 of solute moles in 1L of solution
  • to find molarity, you need the # moles in the solute and the amount of solvent.
  • molarity= moles of solute/ L of solution
• @@percent by mass@@- #g of solute in 100g of solution
  • expressed as a %

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{{8.04: acids/ bases{{

acid- sour, corrosive, H+ aka hydrogen, donate a hydrogen ion. hydrochloric, nitric, sulfuric acids

base- bitter, slippery, OH- aka hydroxide, receive a hydrogen ion. sodium, potassium, lithium hydroxide

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• svante arrhenius's definitions:
  • acid- contains hydrogen, increases hydrogen ions when the acid is dissolved in a solution.
  • base- contains hydroxide, increases hydroxide ions when the base is dissolved in a solution
• when an acid and a base come together, they neutralize.
  • produces water and a salt/ ionic compound
• ph measures acidity/ alkalinity of a solution.
  • 1= acid (lemon juice), 7= neutral (water), 14= base (bleach)

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}}8.05: acid and base calculations}}

• %%self-ionization%%- lets water act as a weak electrolyte and conducts electricity

• %%amphoteric substance%%- water can be acid or base, depending on what’s added to it.

  • an acid-acting water molecule donates a hydrogen ion to a base-acting water molecule.
  • this reaction forms hydroxide and hydronium ions, which react to re-form water molecules.
    • ionization constant

• the product of hydronium and hydroxide molarities is always =1x10^-14 M

  </p>

• acids %%increase%% concentration of hydronium ions by %%donating%% hydrogen ions

• base %%decrease%% concentration of hydronium ions by %%accepting%% hydrogen ions

  </p>

• %%basic%%- concentration of hydroxide ions greater than concentration of hydronium.

  • adding a base (ammonia) to water increases hydroxide concentration

• %%neutral%%- when concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide are equal

• %%acidic%%- concentration of hydronium ions greater than concentration of hydroxide.

  • adding an acid (hydrochloric acid) to water increases hydronium concentration

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