CPH MIDTERM

• Filipinas - Old name of the Philippines

• Emilio Aguinaldo - First president of the Philippines

• University of Santo Tomas - Oldest University in the Philippines

• 1972 - Year that Martial law was declared in the Philippines

• 333 years - How long did Spanish rule last in the Philippines?

• Cebu - Oldest City

• King Philip II of Spain - From which spanish king did the Philippines take its name
  

• Kasaysayan - narrative of the past that has a significance to the community where it belongs.

• Nationalist Historiography - History that is focused on the masses and not on the colonizers.

• Pantayong Pananaw - The philosophical anchor of bagong kasaysayan. It emphasizes the need to foster an internal discourse among the masses in writing their history

Historiography

• Philosophical and Scientific - Historiography is both __________ and ____________.

• Historiographers - delved into this specific subfield of inquiry because they wanted to point out earlier historian’s mistakes in the hope that present and future historians would improve their methods and perspectives.

KASAYSAYAN

• Kasaysayan - Stories that were deemed significant to the community.

  • sense or significance - The meaning of the root word ‘saysay’

  • The stories were transmitted orally in the forms of epics, songs, and rituals

  • significant stories - encompasses not only factual records but also _______ within communities

• Oral Character

  • These stories include legends, epics, and myths that reflect communal values, spirituality, beliefs, and worldviews.

  • Its fluidity and flexibility in content and narrative stem from its oral nature.

• Epics and songs within Kasaysayan served various functions:

  • Communication with deities - Rituals and ceremonies involved invoking spiritual connections.

  • Community cohesion - Stories brought people together, reinforcing shared identity.

  • Education - Younger generations learned about legends, heroes, gods, and goddesses through these narratives.

SPANISH HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE PHILIPPINES

• Historia - replaced the narrative of the native civilization. It served as the articulation and justification of colonial policies, decisions, and attitudes toward the natives.

  • Spanish - Historia is written in this language

  • Spaniards and Europeans - The intended audience for the narratives of Historia.

  • positivist approaches - Spanish chroniclers and scholars adopted _________, relying on empirical and documentary evidence.

• Bipartite View - The prevailing perspective among colonizers divided the archipelago’s history into two periods

  • Darkness - Referring to the time before the Spaniards’ arrival, characterized as a period of uncivilization, barbarism, and backwardness.

  • Light - Representing the colonial era, seen as a time of enlightenment and progress under Spanish rule

    • Christian God - They introduced the people to the ________, which became a central aspect of colonial life.

    • Civilization - When the Spaniards arrived, they were seen as bringing _____ to the wilderness of the archipelago

THE HISTORY OF THE ILUSTRADOS AND THE KATIPUNAN

• Illustrados

  • Enlightened status. Advocated for changes through propaganda and reform

    movements

  • “Enlightened”

  • Unibersidad de Santo Tomas and Ateneo Municipal de Manila - Liberal education from institutions

  • Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena - Renowned Illustrados

    • Indolence of the Filipinos - in Jose Rizal’s essay, he challenged the Spaniards’ accusations of Filipino laziness.
      

• The Tripartite View - Period of Prosperity, Darkness, Enlightenment

  • Period of Prosperity

    • Before the Arrival of the Spaniards

    • Freedom in Trading, Equality Among People, Dignity in Daily Lives - Native population enjoyed before the spaniards

  • Period of Darkness

    • Colonization Commences

    • Unjust Taxation, Slave Labor, Repression and Discrimination - People who once enjoyed freedom and prosperity faced:

    • The arrival of the Spaniards marked a significant shift.

  • Period of Enlightenment: Ilustrados’ Vision for the Future:  Once Spain granted Filipino people:  Equality and Freedom: Aspired by the Ilustrados

KATIPUNAN

• Kataastaasan, Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan - KKK

  • The Katipunan - They envisioned a complete revolution that aimed to overthrow the colonial government altogether.

  • While the ilustrados wrote exclusively in Spanish. the Katipunan communicated almost exclusively in Filipino.
    

• Tripartite View of History: Similar to the ilustrados, the Katipuneros also regarded Philippine history through a tripartite lens:

  • Period of Prosperity - Reflected the pre-Spanish era when native populations enjoyed freedom, equality, and dignity.

  • Period of Darkness - Marked the colonization period, characterized by unjust taxation, slave labor, repression, and discrimination.

  • Period of Enlightenment - Envisioned as achievable only through an armed revolution.

AMERICAN HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE PHILIPPINES

• Less than a year after the Spaniards were ousted and independence was declared, the Philippines fell under the control of new colonial masters: the Americans

• the American colonial period made public instruction available to nearly every Filipino.

• Public education - was seen as a means to speed up the process of assimilation

• The most apparent implication for historiography was the shift from Spanish to English.

• Savages - the non-Christian people in northern Luzon and Mindanao were often depicted as _____

• Benevolent Assimilation - The American colonial period introduced a new tradition of scholarship and historical writing.

  • The concept of benevolent assimilation guided the American occupation of the Philippines.

  • This approach aimed to transform Filipinos into “little brown Americans.

PHILIPPINE NATIONALIST HISTORIOGRAPHY

• Teodoro Agoncillo, Renato Constantino, and Reynaldo Ileto - Filipino historians that pioneered a pro-Filipino, nationalist, and progressive movement in history that reflected the struggle of Filipinos under colonization.

• Teodoro Agoncillo - argued that the Philippine Revolution of 1896-1898 was not an offshoot of the reform movement led by the elitist ilustrado class, but a movement that originated from the masses

  • He attempted to place the people at the center of their history, interpreting documentary sources in a nationalist light

  • The History of the Filipino People - Agoncillo’s textbook, is a testament to this approach.

• Andres Bonifacio - who revolted against Spanish colonizers due to their experiences as oppressed and discriminated indios

• Renato Constantino - led the front of progressive and Marxist history.

  • He argues that from the 16th century, pre-colonial leaders and native spiritual leaders resisted Spanish colonization.

• Amado Guerrero - adopting the Marxist idea of historical materialism, traced Philippine history by highlighting the relationship between classes and societal changes

• Reynaldo Ileto’s Approach - He believed that to truly reflect and place the masses at the center of the country’s history, sources that genuinely reflect their consciousness and aspiration should be used

  • The Pasyon - a religious text, became a source of revolutionary inspiration as the masses who learned it by heart saw in the story of Christ their own suffering and redemption.

• Zeus Salazar - introduced a new philosophy that would guide a new historical and social scientific scholarship tradition.

  • Pantayong Pananaw - is a departure from the views employed by the colonial and nationalist historians

    • the from us for us (inclusive) perspective - another name of Pantayong Pananaw

    • Pantayong Pananaw - aimed to replace the dominant historia philosophy and reclaim the ancient kasaysayan in scientific terms.

  • History should be processed, written, and taught in the Filipino language for the Filipino people.

• Bagong Kasaysayan - a reconceptualization of the ancient kasaysayan focusing on the importance of saysay or significance to the community where the history belongs.

EARLY PHILIPPINE SOCIETY AND THE FIRST SPANISH CONTACT

• Blair and Robertson translated Spanish documents into English in 1903, in a 55-volume collection called “The Philippine Islands”.
  

• LAGUNA COPPERPLATE INSCRIPTION - One of the oldest written artifacts found in the Philippines. Offers evidence of early literacy and written recordkeeping in the Philippines

  • Ernesto Legisma - Discovered LCI in 1989 in Laguna province, Philippines.

  • 20 x 30 cm - Measurement of the Inscribed copper plate

  • Inscription - is written in Old Kawi script, an ancient script used in the Philippines and other parts of Southeast Asia.

  • Old Malay - Language used in LCI, a precursor to modern Filipino languages

  • Antoon Postma - Dutch Antropologist, The one who translated LCI

  • Hector Santos - Scholar who used Indian and Indonesian ancient calendars and verified the calculations in astronomy, The one who identified the date of LCI

  • April 21, 900, Monday - the exact date of the LCI

  • Namwaran and the Chief of Tondo - Records a debt settlement between a these two people

  • the Chief of Tondo - a polity in ancient Manila.

  • Laguna Copperplate Inscription - serves as a document of debt acquittal, referencing specific individuals and their territories
    

• CHAU JU KUA’S CHU FAN CHI - that established the trade between south China and Early Filipinos.

  • Chu Fan Chi - published in 1225, briefly describes some of the Philippine islands.

  • Chau Ju Kua - was a Chinese nobleman and customs inspector in south China, as well as compiler of knowledge and recollections of traders.

  • Records of Various Barbarous Nations - The translation of Chu Fan Chi

  • Barter - System of Trading; Exchange of goods or services for other goods and services without using money.

  • Custom of Trade - Assemble in crowds and carry the goods in baskets, Carry the goods on to the other islands for barter, 8-9 months until they returned, Repay the traders

  • Ma i (Mindoro) - The first mention of _____ in Chinese records was in 982 CE, marking the arrival of an Arab ship at Canton with native goods

  • Huang Chao - massacre at the port of Canton in 878 CE, trade routes shifted from mainland roads to maritime routes, incorporating more islands including the Philippines

  • The products of the islands San-su (believed to be Calamian, Palawan, and Busuanga) were:

    • yellow wax

    • cotton

    • pearls

    • tortoiseshell

    • medicinal betel nuts

    • yu-ta cloth
      

• ANTONIO PIGAFETTA’S FIRST VOYAGE IN THE WORLD - Was the most cited documents by historians who wished to study the pre-colonial Philippines.

  • Antonio Pigafetta - an Italian nobleman, accompanied Ferdinand Magellan on his circumnavigation of the world

  • Homonhon - The island where we were; but since we found two springs there of the clearest water, we called it ‘the watering place of good signs,’ for there were the first signs of gold, which we found in those districts.

  • March 22nd, 1521 - Their lord was an old man who was tattooed, and he wore two gold earrings in his ears, and the others many gold armlets on their arms and kerchiefs about their heads.

  • Students of history - they should recognize certain biases accompanying the authors and their identities, loyalties, and circumstances and how these affected the text that they produce.

THE PHILIPPINES UNDER SPAIN

• JUAN DE PLASENCIA'S "CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOG"

• Juan de Plasencia - a Franciscan friar who arrived in the Philippines in 1577 and became actively involved in missionary work among the Tagalog people.

  • Written in the late 16th century, likely between 1589 and 1590.

  • CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOG - Intended as a guide for missionaries to understand the customs, beliefs, and practices of the Tagalog people in order to facilitate their conversion to Christianity

  • Datos - Chief who governs people

  • Barangay - a group of people

  • Nobles, Commoners, Slaves - Three Castes Systems:

  • Content (beliefs): No temples, Simbahan (Place of Adoration), Pandot (A festival celebrated) , Nagaanitos

  • Badhala - Supreme Being

  • Animism - (Worship the SUN, MOON, and STAR)

  • Lic ha - Images with different shapes

  • Maca - Paradise, Village of Rest

  • Casanaan - Place of Anguish

  • Demons - Sitan
    

• ANTONIO DE MORGA'S "SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS”

  • Antonio de Morga, a Spanish lawyer, judge, and colonial official who served as the Deputy Governor of the Philippines from 1595 to 1603.

  • Written in 1609, but not published until 1890, long after Morga's death. It has eight chapters.

  • Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas - To provide a comprehensive account of the history, culture, society, and governance of the Philippines during the early Spanish colonial period.

  • Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas - remains a significant historical and literary work, valued for its comprehensive coverage of Philippine history and culture during the early colonial period.

  • Datus / Cabeza de Barangay - whose job to collect taxes to be paid to encomendero, a spaniard

  • Morga how Spain revenue of the Philippines is low.
    

• FRANCISCO DE SANDE'S LETTER TO ESTEBAN RODRIGUEZ DE FIGUEROA - The letter was intended to provide guidance and instructions to Figueroa regarding his expedition to the Spice Islands and to convey Sande's expectations for the success of the mission.

  • Francisco de Sande - a Spanish conquistador and colonial official who served as the Governor-General of the Philippines from 1575 to 1580.

  • Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa - a Spanish nobleman and explorer who led an expedition to the Moluccas (Spice Islands) in the late 16th century.

  • Written in 1576, during Sande's governorship of the Philippines.

REVOLTS AND REVOLUTION

• DIEGO SILANG'S LETTER TO THE BRITISH - The letter was intended to seek British support for the Filipino revolt against Spanish rule and to negotiate military assistance and cooperation in exchange for Filipino allegiance to the British Crown

  • Diego Silang - a Filipino revolutionary leader who led the Ilocano revolt against Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines in the 18th century.

  • Written in 1762 during the British occupation of Manila during the Seven Years' War.
    

• HERMANO PULE'S CONFRADIA DE SAN JOSÉ

  • Pule Revolt - also known as the Confradia de San José.

  • Apolinario de la Cruz - popularly known as Hermano Pule.

  • Early 19th century, during Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines.

  • Originated in Tayabas (now Quezon) province, Philippines.

  • Hermano Pule's Confradia de San José - emerged as a religious movement in the early 19th century, during Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines.

  • The Confradia de San José - represented a form of resistance against Spanish colonial oppression and religious discrimination, empowering indigenous Filipinos to assert their cultural identity and challenge the authority of the Spanish clergy

SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES ON THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION

• Kartilya ng Katipunan

  • Emilio Jacinto - Author of Kartilya ng Katipunan

    • a revolutionary leader and member of the Katipunan.

  • 1896 - Date of Publish of Kartilya ng Katipunan, during the early stages of the Philippine Revolution.

  • Purpose of Kartilya ng Katipunan - Served as the manifesto and guidebook of the Katipunan, outlining its principles, objectives, and code of conduct.

  • Content of Kartilya ng Katipunan - Advocated for Filipino independence from Spanish colonial rule. Emphasized the importance of unity, sacrifice, and dedication to the revolutionary cause.

  • Significance of The Kartilya ng Katipunan - provided ideological and moral guidance to Filipino revolutionaries, shaping their commitment to the struggle for independence.

• Sa mga Gunita ng Himagsikan (Memoirs of the Revolution)

  • Emilio Aguinaldo - Author of Sa mga Gunita ng Himagsikan

    • a key leader of the Philippine Revolution and later the first President of the Philippines.

  • early 20th century - Date of Publish of Sa mga Gunita ng Himagsikan. Written in the , reflecting on Aguinaldo's experiences during the revolution.

  • Purpose of Sa mga Gunita ng Himagsikan - Offers Aguinaldo's personal recollections and insights into the events, challenges, and triumphs of the revolution.

  • Content of Sa mga Gunita ng Himagsikan - Describes the key battles, strategies, and leaders of the revolution, including Aguinaldo's role in the movement. - Reflects on the motivations, sacrifices, and aspirations of Filipino revolutionaries.

  • Significance of Sa mga Gunita ng Himagsikan - offers a firsthand account of the Philippine Revolution from one of its central figures, providing valuable insights into the revolution's leadership, strategies, and impact.

• Declaration of the Philippine Independence

  • Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista and Emilio Aguinaldo - Authors of Declaration of the Philippine Independence

    • Drafted by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista and signed by Emilio Aguinaldo and other revolutionary leaders.

  • June 12, 1898 - Date of Declaration of the Philippine Independence, Proclaimed in Kawit, Cavite, Philippines.

  • Purpose of Declaration of the Philippine Independence - Formally declared the Philippines' independence from Spanish colonial rule.

  • Content of Declaration of the Philippine Independence - Affirmed the Filipino people's right to self-determination and sovereignty. Condemned Spanish colonial oppression and exploitation. Established the Philippines as a sovereign and independent nation.

  • Significance of Declaration of the Philippine Independence - The Declaration of the Philippine Independence marked the culmination of the Philippine Revolution and the beginning of the Filipino people's journey toward self-governance and nationhood.