Unit 1-5 APES Most Important Things

Unit 1 - Ecosystems

Carbon Cycle

• Direct exchange: CO2 moves directly between atm and the ocean by dissolving into and out of ocean water at the surface

• direct exchange increases atmospheric CO2 and also increases CO2 in the ocean, leading to acidification

Nitrogen Fixation

• N2 gas being converted into biologically available useable plants (NH3 ammonia)(NO3 nitrate)

• Legumes in soil improves nitrogen fixation in the soil

• requires less nitrogen-based fertilizers required

Trophic Pyramid

• 10% of energy passed from one level to the next

• 90% lost as heat/indigestible biomass

• relates to pop sizes in trophic levels

• what happens when photosynthesis is limited

• why biomagnification happens

• why meat takes more land than plants

Must know Vocab Unit 1

Competition

Nutrient availability

carbon sequestration

nitrogen fixation

infiltration vs. runoff

primary productivity

trophic levels/10% rule

energy transfer

Unit 2 - Biodiversity

Ecosystem Resilience

• Resilience: the ability of an Ecos to return to its original conditions after a major disturbance

Ecosystem Services

• Goods and services provided by natural Ecos that are beneficial to humans

• Provisioning: goods taken directly from ecos or made from natural resources

• Regulating: natural Ecos regulate, and stabilize climate, air quality, water quality, soil, biodiversity

• Supporting: Natural ecosystem processes that sustain ecosystems and allow them to support life

• Cultural: Money generated by recreation

Keystone Species

• large environmental impact

• Examples of keystone species: are beavers, otters, starfish

Must know vocab words Unit 2

Resilience

Gen/species/ecosystem diversity

Ecosystem services

range of tolerance

adaption

keystone species

Unit 3 - Populations

Biotic Potential

• Maximum potential growth rate, with no limiting resources, (rate of increase ( r ))

• Biotic potential: exponential growth

• Logistic growth+ initial rapid growth, then limiting factor limit pop to K

Population Growth Math

• Growth Rate ( r ) = % increase in a population (usually per yr)

• Crude Birth Rate and Crude Death Rate=Births and deaths per 1000 ppl in a pop

• Calc Growth Rate

• (CBR-CDR)/10

• Growth rate is always expressed as %

Doubling Time (Rule Of 70)

• Rule of 70: The time it takes in years a population to double is equal to 70 divided by growth rate

Demographic Transition Stages

• 1= pre-industrial: high birth rate, high death rate,

• 2=developing: High birth rate, falling death rate rapid

• 3=developed: felling birth rate, falling slowly death rate

• 4=Highly developed: low birth rate, low death rate

Unit Three Important Vocab

r vs K selected

Generalist vs. Specialist

Biotic Potential

Carrying Capacity

Age Cohorts

TFR(number of children woman has), Affluence, female education

Rule of 70

Demographic Transition stages

Unit 4 - Earth Systems

Soil

• Permeability: How easily water drains through a soil

• Pore space: how large and connected pores are(avoid term porosity)

• H2O Holding Capacity: How well water is retained, or held in soil

  • more permeable = lower H2O holding capacity

  • Inverse relationship between permeability and H2O holding capacity

  Effect on Soil Fertility

• Soil that’s too sandy (too permeable) drains water too quickly for roots to absorb, roots dry out

• Clay heavy soils doesn’t let H2O drain to roots, or suffocates/waterlogs them

• Ideal soil for plant growth is loam, balances porosity and drainage w/water holding capacity

• Biggest to smallest, Sand>slit>clay

Trade Wins

• Sun hits equator more direct

• warm air from equator, warm air rises and expands, causing it to cool (Adiabatic cooling)

• Cool can’t hold as much moisture, condenses into rain

• Condensation causes rise again and latent heat release causing air to continue to rise, expand, and cool

• air hits tropopause and spreads North and South towards POLES

• Cool, dry air sinks back down, loses moisture, at 30 degrees north and south, deserts form at 30 degrees.

• Air from 30 degrees flows back to the equator

Coriolis effect

• appearance of deflection of objects through atm, due to the spin of the earth

• air @ 30 degrees moves back to L pressure of the equator

• Wind between 0-30 degrees moves East to West bc earth spins west to east

• Winds between 30-60 move west to east bc Earth spins faster @ 30 than 60

Global Wind Patterns

• 0-30 winds blow EAST TO WEST (EASTERN TRADE WINDS)

  • drives ocean current in Northern hemisphere, counterclockwise in Southern hemisphere

• 30-60 winds (Ferrel cells) blow WEST to EAST (WESTERLIES)

  • Drives weather patterns of most of continental US

• 60-90 (polar cell) winds blow EAST TO WEST (POLAR EASTERLIES)

El Nino and La Nina

Normal year

• Trade winds blow equatorial water EAST TO WEST

• Upells cold water of coast of SA (cool temp+good fisheries)

El Nino

• Trade Winds weaken, then reverse(WEST TO EAST)

• Warm water cools

• suppressed upwelling of SA coast (fisheries damaged)

• potential drought, drier conditions

La Nina

• Stronger than normal trade winds (EAST TO WEST STRONG)

• increased upwelling off SA coast (Extra good for fisheries)

Unit 4 Important Vocab

Permeability

Soil texture

Stratosphere vs. troposphere

trade winds and westerlies

El Nino/La Nina

Insolation(amount of solar radiation coming in)

Rain Shadow

Effect Watershed

Unit 5 - Land Use

Direct Effects of Clearcutting

• Soil erosion

• - caused by loss of root structure

• Increased soil/stream temps

• -loss of tree shade

• Flooding and landslides

GMOs

• Genetically modified crops have genes for drought tolerance, pest resistance, faster growth, and larger fruit/grain

  • increases profitability, fewer plants lost to drought

IPM Basics

• Using a variety of pest controls

  • Researching and monitoring pests and monitoring pests and targeting methods to specific pest-like cycles

  • Biocontrol(Bringing natural predators to control pests)

  • Crop rotation-disturbs pests food source

  • Intercropping - reduces pest habitat/food source

Windbreaks

• using trees/ other plants to block wind force from eroding topsoil

• Can be used for profit

• Provides habitat for pollinators and other species

No-Till

• Leaving leftover crop remains in soil instead of tilling over

• adds org. matter to soil (nutrients, soil cover, moisture)

• prevents erosion from loosened soil

Strip Cropping

• another name for intercropping

• alternating rows of dense crops (hay, wheat) with rows of less dense crops (corn, soy, cotton) to prevent runoff from eroding soil from less dense rows of crops

Crop Rotation

• Replanting the same crops decreases soil of same nutrients

• crop-rotation allows the soil to recover

• legumes have nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their root nodules that can return nitrogen to soil

Unit 5 important vocab

Clearcutting, selective cutting

crop rotation

soil erosion

GMOs, Pesticides, irrigation, fertilizers

Intercropping

Public Transportation

Integrated pest management(IPM)