Define population density below:

Population density is an area of 1 km by km squared (km2) that contains a set amount of people after calculated. This number is calculated by dividing population by land mass.

Define population distribution below:

Population distribution is the way people are distributed in their country. There are three types of densities - linear (line), dispersed (scattered), and concentrated (clustered).

Rural Settlement patterns.
Occurs outside of cities and towns

Characterized by: low population density/ dispersed population distribution pattern

• 3 KEY FACTORS:

1. Kinds of resources found in the area

Ex. South western Ontario rich in agricultural resources

2. Transportation methods available at the time of settlement
   Ex. Along roads or railroads

3. The role played by government policy

Ex. Government planned how, where and when settlement would occur

CMA - an area with over 100 000 people living in it.

The Rock Cycle

Igneous - Rocks formed by magma or melted rock that has cooled. (i.e granite)

Sedimentary - Sediment, under heat and pressure, gets compiled into layers of rock (i.e limestone)

Metamorphic - Igneous/Sedimentary rock changed under heat/pressure (i.e slate, marble)

Weathering - The breaking up/“rotting” of solid objects. Factors/Agents include: plants, insects, temperature.

Deposition - the process by which nearby weathered material is laid down.

Erosion - the weathering away of rock or land by water, wind and glacial action. The smaller particles which result are transported by rivers to the seas, where they collect in piles or layers.

Magma - Molten rock under the Earth’s surface

**Lava -**Molten rock above the Earth’s crust.

Wegener's 4 proofs

1. He saw the “jigsaw fit” between South America and Africa.

2. He found fossils of the same animals and plants on different continents, which he believed could only happen if the continents were joined

3. There are mountains similar in structure/age on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. The Appalachians in Canada/The USA and the Caladonians, which are in Europe.

4. Ice sheets covered places that are naturally warm today (i.e India) - He questioned how this could happen, thinking the only explanation was that at one point they were near the South Pole.
   

3 Types of Plate Movement.

Divergent - Plates pulling apart

**Convergent -**Plates going together
*land vs land and land vs water
**Transform -**Plates rubbing up against each other

**Convection Currents -**Convection currents describe the rising, spread, and sinking of gas, liquid, or molten material caused by the application of heat.


Landform Regions
Canada’s Landform Regions

Canadian Shield

● More than half of Canada is covered by the Canadian Shield. (4 800 000 km 2 ) – 2/3

of Canada.

● Contains some of the world’s oldest rocks. (3.96 Billion Years Old)  Two types of rock (Igneous and Metamorphic).

● Relatively flat with rounded hills of rock, which are actually the roots of ancient

mountains.

● Suitable for farming (thin soil)

The Lowlands

Interior Plains

● Part of the Great Plains of North America- that stretch from the Arctic Ocean, to the Gulf

of Mexico.

● Contains sedimentary rock.

● Much oil and gas is found in Alberta and Saskatchewan.

● Rolling hills, and deep, wide river valleys.

● It is known as Canada’s Breadbasket.

Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Lowlands

● Separated by a thin wedge of the Canadian Shield that juts across the St. Lawrence River

● Niagara escarpment.

● Rolling landscape in the Great Lakes portion, due to glaciation.

● Flat plains, glacial hills, and deep river valleys.

● Most southerly region in Canada.

● Well-suited to agriculture because of its excellent soils and warm climate.

● About 50% of Canada’s population is here.

Hudson Bay –Arctic Lowlands

-southwestern shore of Hudson Bay and James Bay

-made up of layers of sedimentary rock

-gently rolling landscape

The Highlands

Appalachian Mountains

● Stretch from the state of Georgia through the Maritimes in Newfoundland.

● Oldest highland region in Canada.

● Formed about 300 million years ago.

● Layers of sedimentary rock were uplifted when North America collided with Europe and

northern Africa during the formation of Pangea.

● Erosion has reduced the Appalachians, once jagged peaks, now rolling hills.

Western Cordillera

● Stands along the western edge of Canada like a Great Wall.

● Range after range of mountains separated by plateaus and valleys.

● Geologically young, because of height and rugged appearance.

● The collision of North America and the Pacific plates formed this region.

● Much folding, faulting and volcanic activity occurred, because the heavier Pacific plate

went under the lighter North American plate.

● Three major plateaus make up the second division and the Coast mountains make up the

third.

Innuitian Mountains

-stand like icy watchtowers in the far north

-made up of igneous and sedimentary rock

-barren landscape due to the extreme cold climate

Climate
L- Latitude, O - Ocean Currents, W - Winds and air masses, E - Elevation,R - Relief, NEAR WATER

3 types of precipitation -
Orographic (relief)
Generated by a forced upward movement of air (encountering a mountain). Upward movement cools air, resulting in clouds and rain.
Convectional
Occurs when air is heated up by land causing it to rise. Once high enough, it condenses and falls as rain.
Frontal (Cyclonic)
When 2 air masses collide, warm air gets less dense and gets forced upwards. The air cools, condenses and falls as rain .

Maritime - near water, precipitation >1000, temperature range <25
Continental - not near water normally, precipitation <1000, temperature range >25
Rate of cooling - Every 100 metres you climb, the temperature drops 1 degree.
Our climate region - Modified continental

Prevailing winds - Prevailing winds are winds that blow from a single direction over a specific area of the Earth.
Leeward - The side facing away from the rain
Windward - The side facing the rain

Soil
**Our Soil Region -**Wet-Climate Soils
Soil Profile
**Leeching -**the process of water carrying soluble substances or small particles through soil or rock
**Calcification -**process by which, in dry climates, water carrying dissolved minerals moves upward through the soil.

Our Vegetation region - Deciduous Forest
Regions Chart