AP World Final Review Part 2 (1450-1900)

1750 – 1900
The Enlightenment
● Philosophers and empiricism
● Established traditions vs new interpretations
● Revolution and rebellion
● Nationalism and national identity
● Reform movements (suffrage, abolition, and serfdom’s end)
● Feminism
Revolution
● National identity
● 18th-century revolution and rebellion American, Haitian, Latin American
● New nation-states
● Rise of democracy and 19th-century liberalism
● Documents: Declaration of Independence, Declaration of the Rights of Man and
of the Citizen
● National identity and physical borders.
Industrial Revolution
● Factors that contributed to industrialization (natural resources, cultural norms,
laws)
● Factory system development
● Specialization of labor
● Spread of industrialization from England to other countries / increased share of
global manufacturing
● Decline of manufacturing in other regions
● Technological developments including steam engine, fossil fuel use
● “Second Industrial Revolution” new methods of refining and processing
(electricity)
● Railroads, steamships, telegraph
● Government responses to industrialization at home and abroad
● Emergence of laissez-faire capitalism and free markets
● Globalization of economies transnational business and banking
● Increased standards of living, production of consumer goods

● Political, social and urban reforms (middle class, urban growth, pollution, housing
shortages)
● Labor organization and protest
● New ideologies: Socialism, Marxism (communism)
● Attempts to modernize in Qing, Ottoman Empire, and Japan (Meiji Restoration)
Imperialism
● Need for raw materials and food supplies led to commercial extraction of natural
resources and industrial crops
● Social Darwinism, nationalism, “White Man’s Burden”
● Increased direct control over colonial possessions
● England, France, U.S., and Japan increased colonial presence in Asia while Spain
and Portugal declined.
● Warfare and diplomacy in Africa
● Settler colonies
● Conquest of unsettled lands
● Indigenous question colonial authority and embrace nationalism
● Direct resistance movements and rebellions
● Economic Imperialism (control of resources or advantageous trade agreements)
● Migration: relocation to cities, demographic shifts due to imperialism
● Free, coerced, and semi-coerced (indentured) labor migration
● Demographic consequences
● Ethnic and racial prejudice
1900 – Present
Power shifts
● Dominance of the west beginning in the 19th century
● Shifts to new, independent states by the end of the 20th century
● Older land-based empires declined and collapsed (Ottomans, Qing, Russia)
● Challenges to the existing social and political order (Mexican Revolution)
World War One
● 4 MAIN causes (Militarism, Alliance Systems, Imperialism, Nationalism)
● Total war: economy, propaganda to mobilize populations
● New military technologies led to higher casualties

Post World War One
● Great Depression, global economic crisis
● Soviet Union and the Five Year Plans
● Rise of fascist and totalitarian governments
World War Two
● Total war
● New military technologies
● Holocaust – genocide, ethnic violence
The Cold War
● U.S. advances in military technology
● Soviet – Afghan war
● Public discontent in eastern Europe led to the collapse of communist
governments
● Dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc
● Reunification of Germany
● Transition to market economies in former communist countries
● End of the bipolar world order, emergence of the United States as the sole
superpower
● Shift in global alliances and security arrangements
● Rise of new regional conflicts and power struggles in the post-Cold War era
● Legacy of the Cold War in shaping contemporary geopolitics and international
relations
● Proliferation of nuclear weapons and efforts toward arms control and
disarmament
● Growth of international cooperation and institutions aimed at conflict resolution
and peacekeeping
● Rise of non-state actors and transnational threats such as terrorism and
organized crime
● Economic restructuring and globalization following the end of ideological rivalry.
Decolonization
● Land redistribution in Latin America, Africa, and Asia
● Independence movements (negotiation vs armed struggle)

● New states emerged sometimes causing conflict (India / Israel)
● Cultural and economic ties were maintained with former colonial leadership
● Intensification of localized conflict vs non-violence movements
● Militarization of states use of violence vs citizens
● Establishment of new political systems, including democracies, authoritarian
regimes, and socialist states
● Economic challenges faced by newly independent nations, including debt,
poverty, and dependence on former colonial powers
● Formation of regional alliances and organizations to promote cooperation and
development
● Reconciliation efforts between former colonizers and colonized peoples
● Legacy of colonialism in ongoing issues such as border disputes, ethnic
tensions, and economic disparities
Cold War Ends
● U.S. advances in military technology
● Soviet – Afghan war
● Public discontent in eastern Europe led to the collapse of communist
governments
● Dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc
● Reunification of Germany
● Transition to market economies in former communist countries
● End of the bipolar world order, emergence of the United States as the sole
superpower
● Shift in global alliances and security arrangements
● Rise of new regional conflicts and power struggles in the post-Cold War era
● Legacy of the Cold War in shaping contemporary geopolitics and international
relations.
Globalization
● New communications technology and air travel
● Interconnectedness of economies through trade and investment
● Cultural exchange and homogenization
● Rise of multinational corporations and global supply chains
● Movement of people across borders for work, education, and tourism
● Environmental challenges such as climate change and pollution due to globalized
production and consumption patterns

● Emergence of global governance institutions like the United Nations and World
Trade Organization to manage international issues
● Spread of ideas and ideologies through media and the internet
● Challenges to national sovereignty and identity in the face of global integration
● Digital divide and unequal access to information and technology between regions
and social groups