• 1350-1650

• Age of enlightenment

• End of Ancient Era 

• Pharmacy was separated from medicine

• 1241 - Pharmacies were also opened in Germany

• 1800-1900 - Rapid developments in the pharmacy field.

• A.K.A. Black Death

• Caused by the spread by rodents and animals

• Wiped out ⅓ of the world’s population.

• Triggered religious, social, and economic upheavals (chaos). Profound effects on the course of European history.

• Theophrastus Phillipus Aueolus Bombastus von Hohenheim.

• Luther of Medicine / Father of Modern Toxicology.

• Paracelsus is referred to as the father of toxicology  for his claim that, “All things are poison, and nothing is without poison.”

• Sparked the growth of modern Pharmaceutical Sciences.

• Process of distillation and extraction was introduced in the laboratory research.

• “Founder of Modern Human Anatomy”

• Author of De Humani Corporis fabrica (On the fabric of the Human Body).

• German physician and botanist who authored one of the greatest pharmacopeias

• Dispensatorium - considered as the first official Pharmacopoeia.

• Influenced by the Guild System—Italy, France, Germany, and England.

• Guild - an association of persons of the same trade or pursuits; protect mutual interest and maintain standards.

1. 1st Botanical Garden - contains medicinal plants.

2. Drug Trade - trade between countries.

3. Academic study of pharmacognosy was instituted - Real study in a university; established study.

4. Pharmaceutical treaties, journals and pharmacopeias - agreement about the practice of pharmacy.

5. Nuovo Ricettario Fiorentino - first pharmacopoeia in Europe.

1. Bernard Courtois - French chemist who discovered the element iodine (through a seaweed experiment; noticed a purple crystal formation) and bromine.

2. Real and Boullay – introduced percolation (this requires a purus material (e.g. sand) to filter) as a means of extraction.

3. Pelletier and Caventou – Study of alkaloids such as quinine (cinchona tree) and strychnine (nux-vomica).

4. Pierre Jean Robiquet – discovery of codeine (also an alkaloid; from opium).

5. Jean-Baptiste Poquelin – against the high prices charged for remedies.

6. Louis Pasteur aka “Father of Microbiology” – develops the rabies vaccine; introduced pasteurization (for sterilizing, killing microorganism).

• Pharmacy was regulated by the government, development of German Apothecary Shop 

1. Andreas Marggraf – discovered sugar in beets though using alcohol extraction method; Apotheke/Apotheken.

2. Friedrich Serturner – discovered the painkiller morphine (very first component ? to be isolated from opium) in opium.

3. Karl Friedrich Mohr – Mohr Balance/Westphal Balance

4. George Merck – advocated in the pharmaceutical industry.

5. Felix Hoffman - successfully synthesizes salicylic acid or aspirin for commercial sale 

6. Paul Ehrlich – introduced the concept of chemotherapy-0 and arsphenamine for treatment of syphilis (STD).

• Apothecaries had difficulty in separating from the grocer.

• Nicholas Culpeper – published the Complete Herbal which contains a rich store of pharmaceutical and herbal knowledge.

• Carl Wilhelm Scheele – a pharmaceutical chemist who discovered H, O, Cl, Mo, W, Ba and glycerin; had the misfortune of not discovering that H2O is water.

• Antoine Lavoisier aka “Father of Modern Chemistry” – help construct the metric system, research on gasses, water and combustion; Law of Conservation of Mass.

• William Withering – discovered digitalis.

• Edward Jenner – discovered cowpox (smallpox) vaccine.

• Alexander Fleming – accidentally discovered penicillin.

• Jean Peyroux - The very first licensed pharmacist in the US which was provided by a French organization (The Royal Physicians); practiced in New Orleans.

• Jonathan Roberts - The very first hospital Pharmacist in Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia.

• Andrew Cragie - America’s first Apothecary general; successor of Roberts.

• Samuel Hopkins - Issued the first patent for the process of making potash : fertilized

• John Pemberton

  • Had Morphine addiction 

  • Reversed Cocaine to make French wine coca which would later on be Coca-Cola.

18th and 19th century has witnessed many milestones:

• First pharmacy school was established in Philadelphia.

• In 1852, the American pharmacy Association was established. 

• United States Pharmacopeia National Formulary was written in 1820 which includes: Standards for excipients, Botanicals and similar products

• Pre-historic Period:

  • Mythical Period

  • Superstitious

  • Empiric

• Bathala/La-on — supreme god.

• Captan – who shared with Bathala the creative power.

• Bagobos — “Daragao”

• Tiruray— “Balbol and Saitan” 

• Patianak

• Katalonan o Babaylan

• Early Filipinos believed in the incarnation of their ancestors

• Anting-anting

• Aswang

• Pangungulam

• During the pre-Spanish era, there were herbolarios—men skilled in the use of healing with herbs.

Pharmaceutical forms adopted by the early cuarenderos/quack doctors were confined to:

1. Macerations in cold and hot water

2. Infusions or decoctions in oil of the curative plant parts

3. Poultices and some powders

4. Resinous plasters and salves with a waxy base

5. Inhalations and fumigations and a few empyreumatic products.

• Trade of herbs since the Spanish Era.

• Spanish missionaries categorized hundreds of Philippine plants with medicinal properties, hence the publication of the Manual de Medicinas Caseras written by Father Fernando de Santa.

• Botica Boie - Started as a small apothecary shop at Escolta, Manila in 1830 by a Spanish Pharmacist and physician, Don Lorenzo Negrao.

• Don Leon Maria Guerrero aka “Father of Philippine Pharmacy” – among the first students of Ateneo (1859), BS Pharmacy (1875)

• The University of Santo Tomas and the Development of Pharmacy in the Philippines

  • The UST was the first great institution of learning established in the Philippines.

  • Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario de Santo Tomás — located in Intramuros. 

• Jesusa A. Concha, PhD - A chemist, an assayer of the Tiki-tiki laboratory, which started the pharmaceutical industry in the Philippines.

• BS Pharmacy, Saint Louis University — founded in 1963