URINARY

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - A hormone released from the pituitary gland that causes reabsorption of water in the kidneys, thus concentrating the urine

angiotensin - A substance that increases blood pressure

- activated in the blood by renin

calyx - A cuplike cavity in the pelvis of the kidney

- also calix

- (plural, calyces)

- (root cali, calic)

erythropoietin (EPO) - A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow

glomerular capsule - The cup-shaped structure at the beginning of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and receives material filtered out of the blood

glomerular filtrate - The fluid and dissolved materials that filter out of the blood and enter the nephron at the Bowman capsule

glomerulus - The cluster of capillaries within the glomerular capsule

- (plural, glomeruli)

- (root glomerul/o)

kidney - An organ of excretion

- (root ren/o, nephr/o)

- the two kidneys filter the blood and form urine

micturition - The voiding of urine

- urination

nephron - A microscopic functional unit of the kidney

- working with blood vessels, the nephron filters the blood and balances the composition of urine

renal cortex - The outer portion of the kidney

renal medulla - The inner portion of the kidney

- contains portions of the nephrons and tubules that transport urine toward the renal pelvis

renal pelvis - The expanded upper end of the ureter that receives urine from the kidney

- (root pyel/o, from the Greek word for pelvis, meaning “basin”)

renal pyramid - A triangular structure in the medulla of the kidney composed of the loops and collecting tubules of the nephrons

renin - An enzyme produced by the kidneys that activates angiotensin in the blood

tubular reabsorption - The return of substances from the glomerular filtrate to the blood through the peritubular capillaries

urea - The main nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) waste product in the urine

ureter - The tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder

- (root ureter/o)

urethra - The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

- (root urethr/o)

urinary bladder - The organ that stores and eliminates urine excreted by the kidneys

- (root cyst/o, vesic/o)

urination - The voiding of urine

- micturition

urine - The fluid excreted by the kidneys

- It consists of water, electrolytes, urea, other metabolic wastes, and pigment. A variety of other substances may appear in urine in cases of disease

- (root ur/o)

ren/o - kidney

infrarenal - below the kidney

nephr/o - kidney

nephrosis - any noninflammatory disease condition of the kidney

glomerul/o - glomerulus

juxtaglomerular - near the glomerulus

pyel/o - renal pelvis

pyeloplasty - plastic repair of the renal pelvis

cali-, calic- - calyx

calicectasis - dilatation of a renal calyx

pararenal - near the kidney

suprarenal - above the kidney

interrenal - between the kidneys

perirenal or circumrenal - around the kidneys

postrenal - behind the kidney

nephritis - inflammation of the kidney

nephropathy - any disease of the kidney

nephromalacia - softening of the kidney

nephrectomy - surgical removal of the kidney

nephrology - study of the kidney

glomerulitis - inflammation of a glomerulus

calicectomy - excision of a renal calyx

pyelogram - radiograph of the renal pelvis

pyelectasis - dilatation of the renal pelvis

glomerulosclerosis - hardening of a glomerulus

renography or nephrography - radiographic study of the kidney

pyelonephritis - inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney

ur/o - urine, urinary tract

urosepsis - generalized infection that originates in the urinary tract

urin/o - urine

urination - discharge of urine

ureter/o - ureter

ureterostenosis - narrowing of the ureter

cyst/o - urinary bladder

cystotomy - incision of the bladder

vesic/o - urinary bladder

intravesical - within the urinary bladder

urethr/o - urethra

urethroscopy - endoscopic examination of the urethra

urography - radiography of the urinary tract

urolith - a urinary calculus (stone)

urology - study of the urinary tract

uremia - presence of urinary waste products in the blood

proteinuria - presence of proteins in the urine

anuria - lack of urine

polyuria - formation of excess urine

dysuria - painful or difficult urination

pyuria - presence of pus in the urine

cyturia - presence of cells in the urine

hematuria - presence of blood in the urine

nocturia - urination during the night

acidosis - Excessive acidity of body fluids

bacteriuria - Presence of bacteria in the urine

cast - A solid mold of a renal tubule found in the urine

cystitis - Inflammation of the urinary bladder, usually as a result of infection

dysuria - Painful or difficult urination

glomerulonephritis - Inflammation of the kidney primarily involving the glomeruli

- The acute form usually occurs after an infection elsewhere in the body

hematuria - Presence of blood in the urine

hydronephrosis - Collection of urine in the renal pelvis caused by obstruction

- causes distention and atrophy of renal tissue

- Also called nephrohydrosis or nephrydrosis

hyperkalemia - Excess amount of potassium in the blood

oliguria - Elimination of small amounts of urine

proteinuria - Presence of protein, mainly albumin, in the urine

pyelonephritis - Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney, usually as a result of infection

pyuria - Presence of pus in the urine

renal colic - Radiating pain in the region of the kidney associated with the passage of a stone

uremia - Presence in the blood of toxic levels of nitrogen-containing substances, mainly urea, as a result of renal insufficiency

urethritis - Inflammation of the urethra, usually as a result of infection

urinary stasis - Stoppage or stagnation of the flow of urine

catheterization - Introduction of a tube into a passage, such as through the urethra into the bladder for withdrawal of urine

cystoscope - An instrument for examining the inside of the urinary bladder

- Also used for removing foreign objects, for surgery, and for other forms of treatment

dialysis - Separation of substances by passage through a semipermeable membrane

- used to rid the body of unwanted substances when the kidneys are impaired or missing

- The two forms of dialysis are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis

hemodialysis - Removal of unwanted substances from the blood by passage through a semipermeable membrane

intravenous pyelography (IVP) - Intravenous urography

intravenous urography (IVU) - Radiographic visualization of the urinary tract after intravenous administration of a contrast medium that is excreted in the urine

- also called excretory urography or intravenous pyelography, although the latter is less accurate because the procedure shows more than just the renal pelvis

lithotripsy - Crushing of a stone

peritoneal dialysis - Removal of unwanted substances from the body by introduction of a dialyzing fluid into the peritoneal cavity followed by removal of the fluid

retrograde pyelography - Pyelography in which the contrast medium is injected into the kidneys from below, by way of the ureters

specific gravity (SG) - The weight of a substance compared with the weight of an equal volume of water. The specific gravity of normal urine ranges from 1.015 to 1.025. This value may increase or decrease in disease.

urinalysis - Laboratory study of the urine

cystectomy - Surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder

ileal conduit - Diversion of urine by connection of the ureters to an isolated segment of the ileum. One end of the segment is sealed, and the other drains through an opening in the abdominal wall

lithotomy - Incision of an organ to remove a stone (calculus)

renal transplantation - Surgical implantation of a donor kidney into a patient

aldosterone - A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that regulates electrolyte excretion by the kidneys

clearance - The volume of plasma that can be cleared of a substance by the kidneys per unit of time

- renal plasma clearance

creatinine - A nitrogen-containing byproduct of muscle metabolism. An increase in creatinine in the blood is a sign of renal failure

detrusor muscle - The muscle in the bladder wall

diuresis - Increased excretion of urine

glomerular filtration rate (GFR) - The amount of filtrate formed per minute by the nephrons of both kidneys

maximal transport capacity (Tm) - The maximum rate at which a given substance can be transported across the renal tubule

- tubular maximum

renal corpuscle - The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus considered as a unit

- the filtration device of the kidney

trigone - A triangle at the base of the bladder formed by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra

anuresis - Lack of urination

anuria - Lack of urine formation

azotemia - Presence of an increased amount of nitrogenous waste, especially urea, in the blood

azoturia - Presence of an increased amount of nitrogen-containing compounds, especially urea, in the urine

cystocele - Herniation of the bladder into the vagina

- vesicocele

dehydration - Excessive loss of body fluids

diabetes insipidus - A condition caused by inadequate production of antidiuretic hormone resulting in excessive excretion of dilute urine and extreme thirst

enuresis - Involuntary urination, usually at night

- bed-wetting

epispadias - A congenital condition in which the urethra opens on the dorsal sur face of the penis as a groove or cleft

- anaspadias

glycosuria - Presence of glucose in the urine, as in cases of diabetes mellitus

horseshoe kidney - A congenital union of the lower poles of the kidneys, resulting in a horseshoe-shaped organ

hydroureter - Distention of the ureter with urine caused by obstruction

hypoproteinemia - Decreased amount of protein in the blood; may result from loss of protein because of kidney damage

hypospadias - A congenital condition in which the urethra opens on the under surface of the penis or into the vagina

hypovolemia - A decrease in blood volume

incontinence - Inability to retain urine

- Incontinence may originate with a neurologic disorder, trauma to the spinal cord, weakness of the pelvic muscles, urinary retention, or impaired bladder function

- Term also applies to inability to retain semen or feces.

neurogenic bladder - Any bladder dysfunction that results from a central nervous system lesion

nocturia - Excessive urination at night

pitting edema - Edema in which the skin, when pressed firmly with the finger, will maintain the depression produced

polycystic kidney disease - A hereditary condition in which the kidneys are enlarged and contain many cysts

polydipsia - Excessive thirst

polyuria - Elimination of large amounts of urine, as in diabetes mellitus

retention of urine - Accumulation of urine in the bladder because of an inability to urinate

staghorn calculus - A kidney stone that fills the renal pelvis and calyces to give a “staghorn” appearance

ureterocele - A cystlike dilation of the ureter near its opening into the bladder

- Usually results from a congenital narrowing of the ureteral opening

urinary frequency - A need to urinate often without an increase in average output

urinary urgency - Sudden need to urinate

water intoxication - Excess intake or retention of water with decrease in sodium concentration

- May result from excess drinking, excess ADH, or replacement of a large amount of body fluid with pure water

- Causes an imbalance in the cellular environment with edema and other disturbances.

Wilms tumor - A malignant tumor of the kidney that usually appears in children be fore the age of 5 years

anion gap - A measure of electrolyte imbalance

blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - Nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea

- An increase in BUN indicates an increase in nitrogenous waste products in the blood and renal failure

clean-catch specimen - A urine sample obtained after thorough cleansing of the urethral opening and collected in midstream to minimize the chance of contamination

cystometrography - A study of bladder function in which the bladder is filled with fluid or air and the pressure exerted by the bladder muscle at varying degrees of filling is measured

- The tracing recorded is a cystometrogram

protein electrophoresis (PEP) - Laboratory study of the proteins in urine

- used to diagnose multiple myeloma, systemic lupus erythematosus, lymphoid tumor

urinometer - Device for measuring the specific gravity of urine

diuretic - A substance that increases the excretion of urine

- pertaining to diuresis

indwelling Foley catheter - A urinary tract catheter with a balloon at one end that prevents the catheter from leaving the bladder

lithotrite - Instrument for crushing a bladder stone

ABBREVIATIONS

ADH - Antidiuretic hormone

ARF - Acute renal failure

ATN - Acute tubular necrosis

BUN - Blood urea nitrogen

CAPD - Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

CCPD - Continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis

CMG - Cystometrography; cystometrogram

CRF - Chronic renal failure

EPO - Erythropoietin

ESRD - End-stage renal disease

ESWL - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

GFR - Glomerular filtration rate

GU - Genitourinary

IVP - Intravenous pyelography

IVU - Intravenous urography

K - Potassium

KUB - Kidney-ureter-bladder (radiography)

Na - Sodium

PEP - Protein electrophoresis

SG - Specific gravity

Tm - Maximal transport capacity

UA - Urinalysis

UTI - Urinary tract infection