A&P,Chapter 4-5 review

. What are the general tissue categories?

• Answer: Epithelial Tissue (ET), Connective Tissue, Muscle Tissue, and Nervous Tissue.

2. What are the apical and basal surfaces, and what are their characteristics?

• Answer:

• Apical Surface: The free surface exposed to the outside or internal cavity (may have cilia or microvilli).

• Basal Surface: Attached to the underlying tissue via the basement membrane.

3. What are the detailed characteristics of all tissue types?

• Answer: Refer to specific tissue types (Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous) for their structures and functions.

4. What are the types of cell junctions?

• Answer:

• Tight Junctions: Prevent leakage.

• Adherens Junctions: Bind cells together.

• Desmosomes: Provide strong adhesion.

• Gap Junctions: Allow communication between cells.

5. What are the functions of all tissue cell types (e.g., simple squamous, cuboidal)?

• Answer:

• Simple Squamous: Diffusion (lungs).

• Simple Cuboidal: Absorption and secretion (kidneys).

• Simple Columnar: Secretion and absorption (digestive tract).

• Stratified Squamous: Protection (skin).

• Transitional: Stretching (bladder).

6. How are epithelial cells connected to the underlying tissues?

• Answer: Epithelial cells are connected to the underlying tissue via hemidesmosomes, attaching to the basement membrane.

7. Where are each of the tissue types located?

• Answer:

• Simple Squamous: Lungs, blood vessels.

• Simple Cuboidal: Kidney tubules.

• Simple Columnar: Digestive tract.

• Stratified Squamous: Skin, mouth.

• Transitional: Bladder.

8. What is the function of the tissue types at each location?

• Answer:

• Simple Squamous: Rapid diffusion (lungs, capillaries).

• Simple Cuboidal: Absorption and secretion (kidneys).

• Simple Columnar: Secretion and absorption (GI tract).

• Stratified Squamous: Protection (skin).

• Transitional: Stretching (bladder).

9. What are the special characteristics of transitional epithelial tissue?

• Answer: Transitional epithelium is stretchy and can expand, typically found in the bladder and ureters.

10. What is the difference between secretions through ducts vs. ductless secretions?

• Answer:

• Ducts: Exocrine glands secrete through ducts (e.g., sweat glands).

• Ductless: Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream (e.g., thyroid).

11. What diagnostic tests are done by studying shed epithelial cells?

• Answer: Pap Smear (used to detect cervical cancer).

12. What are the various types of glands and the type of secretions they have?

• Answer:

• Holocrine: Secretion involves the rupture of the cell (e.g., sebaceous glands).

• Merocrine: Secretion through exocytosis (e.g., sweat glands).

• Apocrine: Part of the cell is lost during secretion (e.g., mammary glands).

13. What are the types of glands by shape?

• Answer:

• Simple Tubular: Straight tube-shaped ducts.

• Compound Alveolar: Branched ducts with glandular cells at the end.

14. What tissues are considered connective tissue proper?

• Answer: Areolar, adipose, reticular, and dense connective tissues.

15. What cells build protein fibers?

• Answer: Fibroblasts produce collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers.

16. What is the viscous material in areolar connective tissue, and what makes the stroma of organs?

• Answer: The ground substance in areolar connective tissue is viscous, and it provides support. The stroma of organs is composed of connective tissue.

17. What are the 3 classes of connective tissue?

• Answer:

• Connective Tissue Proper: Loose and dense connective tissues.

• Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage and bone.

• Fluid Connective Tissue: Blood and lymph.

18. What are the types of macrophages, microphages, and mast cells, and where are they found?

• Answer:

• Macrophages: Large phagocytic cells found in various tissues.

• Microphages: Smaller phagocytes (e.g., neutrophils).

• Mast Cells: Found in connective tissue, involved in allergic responses and release histamine.

19. What types of cells are found in blood (fluid connective tissue)?

• Answer: Erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets.

20. What is the difference between ligaments and tendons?

• Answer:

• Ligaments: Connect bone to bone.

• Tendons: Connect muscle to bone.

21. What are the three types of cartilage, where are they found, and what is their function?

• Answer:

• Hyaline: Found in joints, smooth and provides support.

• Elastic: Found in the ear, flexible.

• Fibrocartilage: Found in intervertebral discs, strong and resistant to compression.

22. What is the most abundant portion of cartilage and osseous matrix?

• Answer:

• Cartilage: Collagen fibers.

• Bone: Hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate).

23. What types of membranes line cavities and organs?

• Answer:

• Mucous Membranes: Line cavities open to the outside.

• Serous Membranes: Line closed body cavities.

• Synovial Membranes: Line joint cavities.

24. What are the three muscle types, their characteristics, and their function?

• Answer:

• Skeletal: Voluntary, striated, moves bones.

• Smooth: Involuntary, non-striated, found in organs.

• Cardiac: Involuntary, striated, found in the heart.

25. What are the steps to an inflammatory response to injury?

• Answer:

• Vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels, infiltration of white blood cells, and the healing process.

26. What are the functions of the integumentary system?

• Answer: Protection, temperature regulation, sensory reception, and vitamin D synthesis.

27. What are the two components of the integumentary system?

• Answer: Skin and Accessory Structures (hair, nails, glands).

28. What are the layers of the integument and the epidermis, and their functions?

• Answer:

• Epidermis: Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale.

• Dermis: Papillary and reticular layers.

29. What is the difference between sensible and insensible perspiration?

• Answer:

• Sensible: Sweat that can be felt.

• Insensible: Evaporation of water through the skin that is not noticeable.

30. What immune cells are found in the epidermis?

• Answer: Langerhans Cells (detect pathogens and initiate immune responses).

31. What pigments are found in the epidermis?

• Answer: Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin.

32. What are cyanosis and jaundice, and what causes each?

• Answer:

• Cyanosis: Blue color due to low oxygen (e.g., respiratory or cardiovascular issues).

• Jaundice: Yellow color due to high bilirubin (liver dysfunction).

33. What are the types of skin cancers?

• Answer: Basal Cell Carcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, and Melanoma.

34. What are the accessory structures of the skin?

• Answer: Hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and sensory receptors.