POE UNIT4

METHODOLOGY OF ENGINEERING

Difference Between Scientific Method and Engineering Design

• Purpose of Study

  • Scientists aim to understand nature and gain knowledge about the universe.

  • Engineers focus on creating and constructing new products, environments, or experiences.

• Different Processes

  • Scientists utilize the scientific method, which involves performing experiments to test hypotheses.

  • Engineers follow a creativity-based engineering design process to develop solutions to identified problems.

The Scientific Method

1. State your question

2. Do background research

3. Formulate your hypothesis (identify variables)

4. Design experiments and establish procedures

5. Test your hypothesis through experiments

6. Analyze results and draw conclusions

7. Communicate results

The Engineering Design Process

1. Define the problem

2. Do background research

3. Specify requirements

4. Design experiment or establish procedures

5. Create alternative solutions, choose the best one, and develop it

6. Build a prototype

7. Test and redesign as necessary

8. Communicate results

Why Are There Two Processes?

• Contributions to Knowledge

  • Scientists provide explanations and predictions about the world, while engineers create solutions to specific needs identified in their projects.

• Interplay of Science and Engineering

  • In practice, the distinction can blur, as scientific principles are often applied in engineering projects.

  • Many technical fields, like computer science, blend aspects of both disciplines.

ADDIE MODEL

Overview

• The ADDIE model is a standard process used in instructional design and training development.

• Comprises five phases: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation.

• An emphasis on flexibility allows for dynamic development of effective training tools.

• Various instructional design models are extensions of this foundation, addressing its limitations (e.g., Dick & Carey, Kemp ISD models).

Phases of the ADDIE Model

1. Analysis

   • Identify the instructional problem, establish goals and objectives.

   • Evaluate learners' existing knowledge and skills.

   • Key questions include: Who is the audience? What learning constraints exist?

2. Design

   • Create detailed learning objectives and assessments, plan content delivery.

   • Develop strategies to achieve behavioral outcomes aligned with project goals.

3. Development

   • Assemble content and integrate technologies, perform debugging, and revise based on feedback.

4. Implementation

   • Prepare facilitators and learners, ensuring necessary tools and learning applications are ready.

5. Evaluation

   • Conduct formative evaluations at each phase and summative evaluations for broader feedback.

CDIO ENGINEERS IN INDUSTRY

Stages of the CDIO Process

1. Conceive: Define customer needs and develop plans.

2. Design: Create specifications including plans and algorithms.

3. Implement: Actualize the design into a functioning product through coding and manufacturing.

4. Operate: Manage the delivery and maintenance of the product ensuring customer satisfaction.

Engineering Design Process

Overview

• The engineering design process articulates steps from problem identification to solution creation.

• Involves iteration—revisiting previous steps based on outcomes to refine solutions.

Steps of the Engineering Design Process

1. Define The Problem: Clarify the design goal and its importance.

2. Brainstorm Possible Solutions: Generate multiple ideas without judgment.

3. Research Ideas: Explore existing solutions to avoid previous pitfalls.

4. Establish Criteria and Constraints: Define factors affecting the design and document findings.

5. Consider Alternative Solutions: Evaluate and compare potential ideas iteratively.

6. Select An Approach: Choose the solution that best meets project requirements.

7. Develop A Design Proposal: Refine selected solutions into comprehensive proposals.

8. Make A Model Or Prototype: Construct a prototype for testing and evaluation.

9. Test And Evaluate: Conduct assessments to identify areas for improvement.

10. Refine The Design: Iterate on the design through repeated testing.

11. Create The Solution: Finalize and construct the finished product.

12. Communicate The Results: Share findings and outcomes through clear documentation.

OPERATIONAL FACTORS IN SYSTEM DESIGN

Key Concepts

1. Integrity and Consistency: Ensure reliability and redundancy in the data.

2. Performance and Scalability: Design systems that can grow with demand.

3. Deployment Strategy: Streamline processes such as CI/CD for efficient product rollout.

4. Security: Implement robust measures for protecting user data.

5. User Experience and Inclusivity: Focus on the overall experience for users, including accessibility.

6. Recovery and Planning: Establish plans for data recovery and business continuity.

7. Unit Testing: Integrate testing throughout the design process for quality assurance.

8. Application Performance Monitoring: Utilize monitoring tools for maintenance and user support.