Concise Summary of Water Properties and Behaviors

Water Properties

• Surface Tension: High due to hydrogen bonding between water molecules.
• Vapor Pressure: Low because water molecules require significant energy to escape.
• Boiling Point: High because more energy is needed to break intermolecular hydrogen bonds.

Droplet Shape

• Spherical Drops: Water forms spheres on certain surfaces due to surface tension, minimizing surface area.

Observable Effects of Surface Tension

• Creation of meniscus in liquids.
• Ability of small insects to skate on water surfaces.
• Formation of droplets on leaves.

Surfactants

• Effect on Surface Tension: Surfactants lower surface tension, allowing easier spreading of liquids.

Ice and Freezing Weather

• Pipe Breakage: Water expands upon freezing, causing pressure buildup in pipes.
• Unique Ice Property: Ice is less dense than water, making it float.
• Hydrogen Bonds in Ice: Stabilize the hexagonal structure of ice, leading to lower density.

Water Structure vs. Ice Structure

• Ice has an open lattice structure due to hydrogen bonding; this differs from the more compact structure of liquid water.

Consequences of Dense Ice

• If ice were denser than water, it would sink, disrupting aquatic ecosystems.

Solubility in Water

• Soluble Substances: Ionic and polar substances dissolve readily in water (e.g., NaCl).
• Ionic Compounds as Electrolytes: They dissociate into ions in solution, allowing electrical conductivity.

Hydrates

• Examples: Sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na2SO4•10H2O), Calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2•2H2O).
• Percent by mass of water: Calculation necessary for hydrates like Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate.

Efflorescent vs. Hygroscopic

• Efflorescent Substances: Lose water to the environment.
• Hygroscopic Substances: Attract and absorb moisture.

Solutions vs. Suspensions vs. Colloids

• Suspension: Particles settle out over time.
• Colloid: Particles do not settle and cannot be filtered, but show Tyndall effect.
• Solution: Homogeneous mixture, particles smaller than 1 nm.

Tyndall Effect

• Used to distinguish colloids from solutions; scattering of light indicates colloidal suspensions.

Brownian Motion

• Presence indicates a colloid; can distinguish from a solution.

Surface Tension Order

• Increasing order of surface tension: Hexane < Ethanol < Water.

Freezing Temperature Effects

• Ice formation contributes to potholes by expanding in cracks during freezing.

Substance Identification

• Solids A, B, C: A = KNO3 (conductive), B = BaSO4 (insoluble), C = glucose (non-conductive).