anatomy h ch 1

Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

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First signs of medical technology was a preserved mummy foot where the big toe was missing and replaced with a toe made of wood

Anatomy = structure

Physiology = function

Different structure = different function

When we were born our fingers were held together with tissue cells until apoptosis (programmed cell death) occurred and separated our fingers 

New discoveries are more likely physiology because we don't know why certain things always happen in our bodies which is related to function (physiology) not anatomical structure (anatomy)

Diagnostic tools: x-ray, MRI, ultrasound, CT scan, PET scan

Levels of Organization

Atom → molecule → macromolecule →organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism 

Macromolecules: lipids, protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrates 

Organelles: Nucleus, Nucleolus, Cytoplasm, Cytosol, Cytoskeleton, Ribosome, Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, Lysosome, Peroxisome, Vacuoles, Vesicles, Cell Membrane, Cell Wall, Large Central Vacuole, Chloroplasts, 

Cell: smallest unit of life

Levels of Organization:

1. Atoms are the simplest level.

2. Two or more atoms comprise a molecule.

3. Macromolecules are large, biologically important molecules inside cells.

4. Organelles are aggregates of macromolecules used to carry out a specific function in the cell

5. Cells are the basic living unit

6. Tissues are groups of cells functioning together

7. Groups of tissues form organs.

8. Groups of organs function together as organ systems.

9. Organ systems functioning together make up an organism.

Metabolism: breakdown/buildup of molecules

Characteristics of life:  without 10 characteristics of  life you can not be considered living

1. Movement (internal or gross)

2. Responsiveness (reaction to internal or external change)

3. Growth (increase in size without change in shape) shape change → function change

4. Reproduction (new organisms or new cells)

5. Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2)

6. Digestion (breakdown of food into simpler forms)

7. Absorption (movement of substances through membranes and into fluids)

8. Circulation (movement within body fluids)

9. Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically different forms)

10. Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes)

Characters of life rely on 

Requirements of Organisms (sustainability)  ability to sustain life needs all 5 requirements

Life depends on the availability of the following:

a. Water (required for metabolic reactions, for transport of substances, for temperature regulation)

b. Food (nutrients needed to supply energy and raw materials for building new living matter)

c. Oxygen (used in releasing energy from nutrients)

d. Heat (a byproduct of metabolism; its presence governs the rate at which reactions occur)

e. Pressure (force required to facilitate movement of air or fluids)

Both the quality and quantity of these factors are important

Ability to sustain life because of technology

Ex: coma- feeding tubes

Vital Signs (makes sure characteristics of life are working)

Normal vital signs change with age, sex, weight, exercise tolerance, and overall health.

Adult Vital Signs 

• Blood pressure: 90/60 mm/Hg to 120/80 mm/Hg top # contract/ bottom # release

• Breathing: 12 - 18 breaths per minute

• Pulse: 60 - 100 beats per minute high or low at rest

• Temperature: 97.8 - 99.1 degrees Fahrenheit / average 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit

Higher (faster) as a child because you are still developing 

Homeostasis

• Maintenance of a stable internal environment

• Specific conditions our cells like to work in

• regulated through control systems which have receptors, a set point and effectors in common. Examples include:

  • Homeostatic mechanisms regulate body temperature in a manner similar to the functioning of a home heating thermostat.

  • Another homeostatic mechanism employs pressure-sensitive receptors to regulate blood pressure.

• Each individual uses homeostatic mechanisms to keep body levels within a normal range; normal ranges can vary from one individual to the next.

Feedback mechanisms:

Stimulus (Change occurs in internal environment.) →  Receptors →  Control center (set point) (Change is compared to the set point.) →  Effectors (muscles or glands) →  Response (Change is corrected.)

Positive feedback loop: 

to keep going beyond the set point

Ex: childbirth

Negative feedback loop: (body likes more because can be controlled)

to stop once it reaches set point again 

Ex: sweating

Many of the body's homeostatic controls are negative feedback mechanisms.

Organization of the Human Body

Major features of the human body include its cavities, membranes, and organ systems.

Anatomical position: How it lies in the body NOT how you are seeing it

Facing forward, palms up, toes forward

Body Cavities

The body can be divided into an appendicular portion (upper and lower limbs) and an axial portion (head, neck, and trunk), which includes a dorsal and a ventral cavity.

Organs within these cavities are called viscera.

• The dorsal cavity can be divided into the cranial cavity and vertebral canal.

• The ventral cavity is made up of a thoracic cavity and an abdominopelvic cavity, separated by the diaphragm.

• The mediastinum divides the thorax into right and left halves.

Visceral (Organ itself) Vs. Parietal (Cavity)

• Parietal pleura (lungs) lines the cavities while the visceral pleura covers the lungs. A thin layer of serous fluid separates the two layers. 

• The heart is surrounded by pericardium (heart). The visceral pericardium covers the heart and the parietal pericardium makes up an outer sac. Serous fluid separates the two layers.

• Peritoneum (abdominal pelvic region) lines the abdominopelvic cavity; a parietal peritoneum lines the wall while visceral peritoneum covers the organs.

Anatomical Terminology

Relative Positions: Terms of relative position are used to describe the location of a part relative

to another part

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