Chapter 7 Study Guide

After studying your notes, you should be able to do the following on the test:

EXACT SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS LISTED @ BOTTOM

TEST INCLUDES RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

Good Documentaries/videos for review:

WWI (all parts) (1 hr) 

Romanov family Russian Revolution (30 min) 

Poison Gas (2 min)

WWI tech. (6 min)  ←THIS ONE IS REALLY GOOD

Manny Man does WWI (6 min) ← used in class

Trenches (3 min) 

Vocabulary

Total war - channeling of a nation's entire resources in a war effort 

Conscription-  “the draft,” which required all young men to be ready for military or other service

Contraband- during wartime, military supplies and raw materials needed to make military supplies that may legally be confiscated by any belligerent 

Lusitania- British liner torpedoed by a German submarine in May 1915

Propaganda- spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause 

atrocity- horrible act committed against innocent people

fourteen points- list of terms for resolving WW1 and future wars outlined by American President Woodrow Wilson in January 1918

self-determination - right of people to choose their own form of government

armistice - agreement to end fighting in a war

pandemic - spread of a disease across a large area, country, continent, or the entire world 

reparation - payment for war damage or damage caused by imprisonment

radical - one who favors extreme changes

collective security - system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all

mandate- after World War 1, a territory administered by a Western power

entente - nonbinding agreement to follow common policies

militarism - glorification of the military

Alsace and Lorraine - region of northern Europe on the border between France and Germany which was ceded to Germany after the Franco-Prussian War

ultimatum - Final set of demands 

mobilize - Prepare military forces for war

neutrality - policy of supporting neither side in the war

Proletariat - working class

soviet - council of Workers and soldiers set up by Russian revolutionaries in 1917

V. I. Lenin - (1870-1924) was a Russian communist revolutionary who led the Bolsheviks to victory in the Russian October Revolution. He served as the premier of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1924. He adapted the ideas of Karl Marx to create a type of communism known as Marxism-Leninism

Cheka- early Soviet secret police force 

commissar - Communist party official assigned to the army to teach party principles and ensure party loyalty during the Russian Revolution

stalemate - deadlock in which neither side can defeat the other

zeppelin- large gas-filled balloon

U-Boat - German submarine

convoy- a group of merchant ships protected by warships

Dardanelles - vital strait connecting the black sea in the Mediterranean Sea in present-day Turkey

T. E. Lawrence - Thomas Edward Lawrence (1888-1935), also known as Lawrence of Arabia, was a British archaeologist, writer, and expert on Arabia who helped lead an Arab rebellion and guerilla war against the Ottoman Turks during WW1. In 1926, he published a memoir of his activities in those years, The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.

Label: battles (and who won them) and countries from the Europe in 1914 map

(THIS IS ALMOST EXACTLY WHAT WE HAVE TO LABEL)

1 Italian → Caporetto

1 French → Marne, Verdun, Somme

1 Turkish → Gallipoli

1 Russian → Tannenberg

Label Serbia, Russia, Germany, Ottoman Empire, etc.

Leaders: identify contributions of the following people:

Alfred Nobel - invented of dynamite and an explosive device called a blasting cap, which inaugurated the modern use of high explosives

Gavrilo Princip - assassinated archduke Ferdinand

Francis Ferdinand - the Archduke of Austria-Hungary who got assassinated

Kaiser Wilhelm II - Last German Emperor and King of Prussia, ruled both the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia before abdicating

Colonel T.E. Lawrence (“Lawrence of Arabia”) - Led Arab revolts against Turkish rule in the Arabian Peninsula.

Georges Clemenceau - French statesman and dictator; played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles (1841-1929); Prime minister of France; very anti-German & desired to defeat German army at all costs; known as “The Tiger”;

David Lloyd George - He was the British representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919; pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles and signed the treaty, hampering the 14 points; Minister for Munitions (ammo.)

Woodrow Wilson - 28th president; known for 14 points which were ideas for the rebuilding of the postwar world that other countries largely wrote off at the time; called ‘a dreamer’

Identify the following:

Schlieffen Plan - plan devised by Germany to attack France first on the Western front and then attack Russia because it would take longer for Russian troops to mobilize. Backfired when Russian troops mobilized faster than expected & divided German forces between the eastern and western fronts.

Allies - alliance originated from the triple entente; France, the United Kingdom, Russia, the United States, Italy, and Japan; won the war

The Fourteen Points - a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. Issued by Woodrow Wilson, largely ignored by other countries

Central Powers - Stemmed from the triple alliance; Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ← (link to info) - a peace treaty signed between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers that ended Russia’s participation in WWI; signed at Brest-Litovsk after two months of negotiations and was forced on the Bolshevik government by the threat of further advances by German and Austrian forces

League of Nations - An organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace.

Identify the results of the following:
The exact date WWI started and the date the armistice was signed - July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918

Modern Technological Warfare (and examples of it) - Gas masks, machine guns, barbed wire, and mines. Made land hard to traverse. Led to trench warfare. https://youtu.be/CgykKEhfEok?si=BvzLRTP8DV98U0he  ← trenches

Sinking of the Lusitania May 1915 - https://www.history.com/news/how-the-sinking-of-lusitania-changed-wwi 

May 1915 Lusitania sunk by German U-boats, killing 128 Americans. The Germans had warned the Americans that any ship bearing the flag of Britain or its allies would be sunk, but people assumed that the germans would let citizens on board get into lifeboats before sinking and ignored the warning. The Lusitania took a direct hit from a German U-boat submarine and sank within 20 minutes. This triggered an anti-German sentiment in America, stunning and outraging Americans, though they were not ready for war. President Woodrow Wilson wanted to remain neutral while previous president Theodore Roosevelt wanted retaliation. Germany defended its aggression, claiming that Lusitania had carried supplies for their enemies and was therefore fair game. British propaganda snowballed against the Germans as a result of this, and anti-German riots broke out in London + more people enlisted. 

Zimmerman Note- 1917 Britain intercepts note from Arthur Zimmerman to ambassador in mexico attempting to convince Mexico to attack the U.S. The obvious threats to the United States contained in the telegram inflamed American public opinion against Germany and was the final straw which convinced U.S. Congress to declare war against Germany.

United States involvement in the war - Joined toward the end after we got fed up with Germany destroying ships sailing to Britain and killing the American citizens inside. Sent troops and supplies to the Allies, helped with supply of troops after Russia pulled out of the war.

Explain the following:

Why the Balkans were called the “powder keg” of Europe

Because of all of the different ethnic conflicts in the region. One little spark leads to huge conflicts.

Why the Black Hand wanted to assassinate Archduke Francis Ferdinand - The goal of the Black Hand was to unite all ethnic Serbs under an expanded, greater Serbia. They wanted to assassinate Archduke Francis Ferdinand to liberate Serbia from Austria-Hungarian rule.

How nationalism, imperialism, and militarism push Europe toward war (give examples for each term)

Trench warfare and how it caused a stalemate on the Western Front - Trench warfare led to a stalemate in WW1 due to the defensive advantage it provided. Trenches made it difficult for either side to make significant advances, leading to a deadlock. This, combined with heavy artillery and machine gun defense, made line-breaking attacks futile.

How total war affected ordinary citizens (3 ways)

governments rationed food, raised taxes, and ordinary people could get drafted, women began to work in place of the men at war, placed restrictions on places like pubs to prevent people from speaking or rallying against the government, governments were strict about expression of dissent among citizens & limited free speech, motor cars and horses were taken from workers like milkmen to be used in service for the war

https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/voices-of-the-first-world-war-a-total-war ← propaganda and effects on everyday citezens

Examples of how propaganda was used in the war (see below)

Negative effects of the Treaty of Versailles (see below)

 it contributed to German economic and political instability that allowed for the formation of the National Socialists (Nazis) just a year later.

                        Why World War I was considered a global conflict since fighting occurred in Europe - Japan joined the Allies, then China, Brazil, and America joined in response to their citizens and ships falling victim to German U-boat attacks. This tied in Asia, South America, and North America. The fighting countries in Europe had colonies and land in Africa, bringing their conflicts to that continent and causing fighting between African regions belonging to countries on different sides of the war. Colonies like Samoa in Australia were also dragged into the war, meaning that every continent was involved except Antarctica.

PROPAGANDA

Propaganda in WWI (propaganda info starts on paragraph 8)

• All governments controlled public opinion through special censorship boards. 

• Newspapers and journalists simplified and glorified the war/its battles

• horror stories were told among children about Germans killing babies and committing other atrocities

• Used to control how people thought, what they did, and what they felt that they could do

• led to hostility toward foreigners

  • ex.: British people attacking shops known to be run by Germans

• Exaggerated events like the sinking of the Lusitania; people believed almost anything that they read

• Caused a ‘spy mania’ where people were more afraid of spies than they needed to be

TREATY OF VERSAILLES

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/treaty-versailles-ends-wwi/ 

• Signed on June 28, 1919 at the palace of Versailles. 

• Treaty was one of several that officially ended the five years of conflict that was WWI

• It outlined the terms of peace between Germany and the Allies, led by the United States, France, and the United Kingdom

• “war guilt” clause forced Germany and other Central Powers to take all the blame for WW

• meant that those countries lost territories (in Africa specifically), reduced military forces, and had to pay reparations to the Allied Powers

• Some historians think that the Treaty of Versailles contributed to German economic and political instability that allowed for the formation of the Nazis a year later

• Other historians say that the treaty was actually very restrained because the Allied forces did not occupy the Central Powers after the war

• Took Germany several decades to pay off their reparations

• Treaty was more lenient than the armistice treaty (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk)