Ch 17: Blood (2)

Page 1

• Directions: Label each picture and answer the review questions at the end. Study for lecture and lab based on Chapter 17 - Blood Review.

Page 2

• Chapter Reference: Chapter 17 - Blood Review

  • Focus on key elements and summaries regarding blood components.

Page 3

• Key Overview:

  • Table of contents/sections labeled with letters (a, b).

Page 4

• Blood Review Content:

  • Continue with sections (a) to (f) highlighting additional content related to blood reviews.

Page 5 - Summary of Formed Elements of the Blood

• Table 17.2-1 Overview of Blood Components:

  • CELL TYPE: Erythrocytes (RBCs)

    • Description: Biconcave, anucleate disc; salmon-colored; diameter 7-8 µm.

    • Cells/μL: 4-6 million.

    • Duration of Development (D) and Life Span (LS): D: ~15 days, LS: 100-120 days.

    • Function: Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.

  • Leukocytes (WBCs)

    • Granulocytes:

      • Neutrophil: 3000-7000 cells; multilobed nucleus; 10-12 µm; phagocytizes bacteria.

      • Eosinophil: 100-400 cells; bilobed nucleus; 10-14 µm; destroys parasitic worms; role in allergies.

      • Basophil: 20-50 cells; bilobed nucleus with large purplish-black granules; release histamine and heparin.

    • Agranulocytes:

      • Lymphocyte: Major role in immune responses; vary in size (5-17 µm); lifespan from days to years.

      • Monocyte: U-shaped nucleus; 14-24 µm; develops into macrophages.

  • Platelets (Thrombocytes):

    • Description: Discoid cytoplasmic fragments; 2-4 µm diameter.

    • Cells/μL: 150,000-400,000

    • D and LS: D: 4-5 days, LS: 5-10 days.

    • Function: Seal small tears in blood vessels; crucial for blood clotting.

Page 6 - ABO Blood Groups Table

• Table 17.4 ABO Blood Groups:

  • Blood Group AB: No RBC antigens, universal recipient.

  • Blood Group A: A antigens, has anti-B antibodies; receives from A & O.

  • Blood Group B: B antigens, has anti-A antibodies; receives from B & O.

  • Blood Group O: Universal donor; no antigens; has anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

  • Frequency in U.S. Population: AB <1%, A 40%, B 11%, and O 45%.

Page 7 - Review Questions: Key Definitions

1. Erythrocyte: Red blood cells that transport oxygen.

2. Hemoglobin: Protein in RBCs that carries oxygen.

3. Leukocyte: White blood cells involved in immune defense.

   • a. Granulocytes:

     • i. Neutrophil: Most abundant, fights infections.

     • ii. Eosinophil: Responds to allergies and parasites.

     • iii. Basophil: Involved in inflammatory responses.

   • b. Agranulocytes:

     • i. Lymphocytes: Includes B and T cells, critical for immune response.

     • ii. Monocyte: Becomes macrophages in tissues.

4. Megakaryocytes: Large cells that produce platelets.

   • a. Thrombocyte: Another term for platelets.

5. Fibrinogen: Protein that aids in blood clotting.

6. Thrombopoietin: Hormone regulating platelet production.

7. Plasma: Liquid component of blood containing nutrients and waste.

8. Albumin: Protein in blood plasma, maintains osmotic pressure.

9. Hematocrit: Proportion of blood volume occupied by RBCs.

Page 8 - Review Questions: Continue

10. Hematopoietic Stem Cell: Precursor to all blood cells.

    • a. Myeloid Stem Cell: Forms RBCs and most WBCs.

    • b. Lymphoid Stem Cell: Forms lymphocytes.

11. Erythropoiesis: Formation of red blood cells.

12. Erythropoietin (EPO): Stimulates RBC production.

13. Bilirubin: A breakdown product of hemoglobin; causes jaundice.

14. Anemia: Condition with deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin.

15. Hemorrhage: Excessive bleeding.

16. Sickle Cell Anemia: Genetic disorder causing distorted RBCs.

17. Polycythemia: Increased concentration of red blood cells.

18. Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissues.

19. Mononucleosis: Viral infection causing increased lymphocyte levels.

20. Thrombus: Blood clot that forms at a vessel's wall.

21. Embolus (Embolism): Traveling clot that can obstruct vessels.

22. Petechiae: Small red or purple spots from bleeding.

23. Hemophilia: Inherited bleeding disorder due to lack of clotting factors.

24. Warfarin: Anticoagulant drug that prevents blood clots.

25. Antibody: Protein that identifies and neutralizes foreign objects.

26. Antigen: Substance that evokes an immune response.

27. Agglutinogen: Antigen on RBCs that determines blood type.

28. Rh Factor: Surface antigen on red blood cells; important for blood compatibility.

29. Rh Negative Mother and Rh Positive Baby: Mother can develop antibodies against fetal Rh positive cells, complicating future pregnancies.

30. Blood Transfusion Compatibility: O+ can receive O-, but not AB+; AB- can receive B- but not B+; A+ cannot donate to AB-.

31. Universal Donor: O negative; important in emergency transfusions.

32. Average Adult Blood Volume: Approximately 5-6 liters.

33. EPO Function: Increases red blood cells; used in anemia treatment.

34. Blood pH: Normal range is 7.35-7.45.

35. Cytoplasmic Granules: Present in granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils).

36. Transport Functions: Blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste.

37. RBC without Nucleus: Erythrocyte; allows for more hemoglobin to be packed in.

38. Erythropoiesis Regulation: Governed by the kidneys.

39. Blood Production Site: Occurs in bone marrow.

40. Blood Clotting Steps: Involvement of platelets, fibrinogen, and clotting factors.