Chapter 9 Review

People bond and have a sense of pride through watching films.

Nollywood has films that are relatable to Nigerians.

Mo Abudu: Made ebony life, born in the U.K., and then went to Nigeria.

Ebony Life: Has multiple sectors, shares African stories, has an international partnership with Netflix, and made the movie Fifty.

Freedom House categorizes Nigeria as partially free.

Factors influencing Nigeria’s Freedom House score are human rights, competitive elections, civil liberties, and civil rights.

The elements of liberal democracy are: Free and fair elections, Peaceful transfer of power, popular sovereignty, rule of law, civilian control of the military, competitive parties, unrestricted media, separation of powers, checks and balances, federalism, independent judiciary, civil rights, and civil liberties.

Northern Region: Hausa-Fulani and Muslim

South-Western Region: Yoruba, both Muslim and Christian

South-Eastern Region: Igbo, Christian

In 1999, Nigeria held its first free and fair election of the Fourth Republic.

Nigeria is Federal.

Britain ruled Nigeria through local rulers and tribal chiefs in a system known as indirect rule.

British colonialism helped to ensure that ethnicity would be the primary element in political identification and mobilization by fostering competition among ethnic groups.

In 1960 Nigeria gained it’s independence from Great Britain.

INEC- An election committee that ensures that Nigerian elections are free and fair.

EFCC- Looks for people who stole government money and prosecutes them.

Sharia Law- A legal system based on principles derived from Islam.

Nigeria is a rentier state because it relies on oil as its main source of revenue.

The president is the head of state and the head of government.

The president's power: Nominates justices, nominates cabinet members, creates the budgets, negotiates treaties, chief diplomat, chief of the military, writes bills and laws, introduces bills into Congress, signs laws, vetoes laws.

The president needs 23% in 2/3 of the state.

Civil Liberties: Due process, freedom of expression, assembly, press, religion, privacy

Civil Rights: Freedom from discrimination on ethnicity, sex, religion, public opinion

Nigeria’s constitution protects women’s rights, but they are underrepresented in the government. 

Women can vote and run for office. None have ever actually won + all dropped before elections were held.

Reasons Women Struggle Running in Office: Nigeria has a patriarchal history (traditional gender roles), it is more challenging to raise money, there is stigma around corrupt politicians, low literacy rates, higher poverty rates

Civil Rights and Civil Liberties are protected on paper but not in practice. For example, there is little freedom to criticize leaders, religion, or ethnicity. 

ArewaMeToo Movement: Member of the movement arrested by the national government and anti-robbery squad after seeking justice for sexual assault victims

Daily Trust: 2 news reporters were held without charges and then released.

RevolutionNow: Protested election fraud → arrested by security forces, then released over a year later 

Ban on same-sex marriage

Boko Haram (North) - “Western Education is Sinful”: kidnapped Chibok girls - Islamic Separatist Group, used Sharia Law

Nigeria’s best route to economic advancement was education and employment in the colonial government.

Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) - Requirements for receiving assistance from the IMF including the privatization of state-owned companies, reducing tariffs, and reducing subsidies for domestic industries.

During colonial rule, most government funding went to regional governments to build infrastructure and encourage industrialization.

Nigeria went from relying on agriculture in the 60s to not relying on it at all; afterward, they relied on oil, making them a rentier state.

Industrialization- The process by which an economy is transformed from a primarily agricultural one to one based on manufacturing goods.

Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC)

The economy failed after a recession in 2016 because of the drop in oil prices in 2014.

With the NHIS, there’s a system in which a pre-paid fixed amount goes to the Health Maintenance Organization (HMO).

NSIP was made to deliver welfare in education, health, housing, employment, social insurance, and family and community support.

The NSIP has multiple programs.

Youth Employment and Social Support operation develops job training programs for young people and helps them find employment.

The National Cash Transfer Program provides cash transfer payments to families facing emergencies.

The NSIP hasn’t been able to improve social welfare much because of the lack of coordination.

Fertility Rate- Average number of children born to a woman over her lifetime.

Fertility Rates could be lowered through secondary education.

Import substitution industrialization (ISI)- Putting tariffs on imports so that the state enforcing those tariffs can use more of their own products.

The judiciary: They are nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate, have one chief justice, lifetime appointments, 18 current judges on the bench, 21 is the limit of judges on the bench, and need to be an expert in the field for 10 years.