Lecture 2 ICT

Page 1: Introduction to Computer Systems

• Introduction to Computer Systems: Understanding the foundational aspects of computing.

• Types of Components:

  • Hardware: The physical components of a computer system.

  • Software: The programs and applications that run on hardware.

• Peripheral Devices:

  • Examples include keyboards, mice, printers, and external drives which are essential for user interaction.

• Storage Devices and Media:

  • Types include hard drives, SSDs, and optical media such as CDs and DVDs.

Page 2: Outline

• Hardware:

  • Definition: Physical components of a computer.

  • Examples: Mouse, Monitor, CD-ROM, Keyboard, etc.

  • Worksheet #1: Focus on the Main Components.

• Software:

  • Definition: Set of instructions for the computer to perform tasks.

  • Examples: Word processors, spreadsheets, etc.

  • Worksheet #2: Overview of Operating Systems and Interfaces.

• Different Types of Computer Systems:

  • Include Desktop, Laptop, Netbook, Mainframe, Palmtop/PDA.

  • Worksheet #3: Discuss recent developments in ICT like cloud computing and e-books.

Page 3: Hardware

• Definition: All physical parts of a computer system.

• Examples of Hardware:

  • Mouse, Monitor, CD-ROM, Keyboard, Motherboard, Printer, Digital Camera, Scanner (e.g., Nikon).

Page 4: Software

• Definition: Programs providing instructions for the system.

• Types of Software:

  1. Application Software:

     • Programs for specific tasks.

     • Examples: Word Processor, Spreadsheet, Database, Presentation Tools, Web Browser.

     • Tip: Avoid brand names; use terms like "word-processing" instead of "Microsoft Word."

  2. System Software:

     • Programs enabling hardware to operate efficiently.

     • Examples: Operating Systems like Microsoft Windows 8.

Page 5: Software (Continued)

• Application Software Use Cases:

  • Word-Processing Applications: Create letters, reports, and memos.

  • Database Programs: Store/retrieve information efficiently.

  • Spreadsheet Applications: Handle calculations, graphs, and charts.

  • Presentation Applications: Design slide shows and presentations.

  • Desktop Publishing (DTP): Create posters, letters, and magazines.

  • Graphics Programs: Facilitate artwork creation.

Page 6: Worksheet #01

• Classification Exercise: Differentiate between hardware and software.

  • Items to classify:

    • Keyboard, Operating System, Scanner, Word-Processor, Web Browser, Database, Remote Control, etc.

Page 7: Main Components of a General Purpose Computer System

• Components Overview:

  • Processor, Input/Output Devices, Internal Devices.

  • Process Flow:

    • Input Device → Processor → Output Device.

    • Storage device handles incoming/outgoing data.

Page 8: Main Components (Detailed)

• Central Processing Unit (CPU):

  • Known as the brain of the computer, performs calculations and logical operations.

  • Consists of millions of tiny circuits, often branded as Core™ i7.

• Memory Types:

  • RAM (Random Access Memory):

    • Temporary data storage for running applications.

    • Volatile memory lost when powered off.

  • ROM (Read Only Memory):

    • Permanent storage for essential instructions, such as BIOS.

    • Non-volatile: contents are retained when power is off.

Page 9: Worksheet #2

• Classification of ROM and RAM:

  • Identify characteristics unique to each (e.g., volatility, usage).

• Importance of RAM:

  1. Faster application performance.

  2. Ability to run multiple applications.

  3. Quick transitions between apps.

• Usage Examples:

  • RAM: Temporary storage for active programs.

  • ROM: Stores computer boot-up instructions.

Page 10: Operating Systems

• Definition: Software that manages hardware operations via step-by-step instructions.

• Operating System Tasks:

  1. Accept inputs from peripherals (e.g., mouse, keyboard).

  2. Send outputs to displays or printers.

  3. Recognize and support peripheral devices.

  4. Manage data storage and file organization.

  5. Load and operate applications.

  6. Manage data transfer tasks.

  7. Address system problems and alerts.

  8. Maintain system security (e.g., password management).

Page 11: Operating Systems (Continued)

• User Interaction with Operating Systems:

  • Interfaces:

    1. Command Line Interface (CLI):

       • Text-based command entry, requiring precise syntax.

    2. Graphical User Interface (GUI):

       • Visual elements (icons, windows, menus) for user interactions.

Page 12: Graphical User Interface (GUI)

• GUI Features:

  • Involves WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointers).

  • Allows for multi-tasking across various windows.

  • Icons: Small pictures representing commands/files.

  • Menus: Provide selection lists for user actions.

Page 13: Post-WIMP Interface

• Touch-Based Input Methods:

  • Used in portable devices (mobile phones, tablets).

  • Features include:

    • Pinching: Zoom in/out.

    • Rotating: Adjust view orientation.

    • Swiping: Navigate through content.

Page 14: Comparing CLI and GUI Interfaces

• Advantages and Disadvantages of GUI:

  • Advantages: Easy to use, visual cues reduce errors, faster command entry but requires more computing power.

  • Disadvantages: Limited functionality and high hardware requirements.

• Advantages and Disadvantages of CLI:

  • Advantages: Direct communication and a wider range of commands.

  • Disadvantages: Complex commands to remember, more typing required.

Page 15: Types of Computer

1. Personal Computers (PCs)/Desktops:

   • General-purpose machines with separate components.

   • Advantages: Better specifications, standards result in lower costs, good heat dissipation.

   • Disadvantages: Not portable, complex wiring for setup.

Page 16: Laptops

• Overview:

  • All components integrated into a single unit; uses rechargeable batteries.

  • Advantages: Portable, versatile connectivity.

  • Disadvantages: Harder to use due to smaller components, limited battery life, theft risk.

Page 17: Netbooks

• Overview:

  • Smaller, lighter laptops with reduced power and screen size.

  • Advantages: Extremely portable and energy-efficient.

  • Disadvantages: Difficult keyboard usage, small screen, limited storage.

Page 18: Mainframes

• Overview:

  • Powerful computers for large organizations, controlling global networks.

  • Advantages: Handles large tasks, supports many users simultaneously.

  • Disadvantages: High operational costs, requires specialized training, difficult to transport.

Page 19: Palmtops and PDAs

• Overview:

  • Smaller than laptops, often without physical keyboards; utilizes stylus for input.

• Features of PDAs/Palmtops:

  • Touch screens, memory cards, Bluetooth/Wi-Fi connectivity, and internet access.

Page 20: Advantages & Disadvantages of PDA/Palmtops

• Advantages: Compact and lightweight, multi-functional (often as mobile phones).

• Disadvantages: Limited memory, small screen for reading, can be easily lost.

Page 21: Worksheet #3

• Advantages of Laptops vs. Desktops:

  • Advantage: More portable.

  • Disadvantage: Compact nature can lead to overheating.

• Classification based on interface:

  • CLI vs. GUI characteristics overview.

Page 22: Recent Developments in ICT

1. Cloud Computing:

   • Internet-based storage and processing.

   • Advantages: Instant access to applications, cost-effective for occasional use.

   • Disadvantages: Risks from hackers, potential costs of resources.

Page 23: E-books and E-newspapers

• Definition and Use: Readable on e-readers or tablets.

• Advantages: Storage, choice, instant downloads, cost-efficient.

• Disadvantages: Requires charging, readability issues, eye strain, risk of piracy.