lecture recording on 13 February 2025 at 14.53.39 PM

Introduction to Cancers

• Definition: Cancers arise when there is a mutation in DNA leading to uncontrolled cell growth.

• DNA mutations disrupt the normal cellular checkpoints that regulate mitosis (cell division), allowing cells to proliferate uncontrollably.

Skin Cancer Overview

• Skin cancer is often related to DNA damage from environmental factors, primarily ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

  • Sources of UV exposure: Sunlight, tanning beds.

  • Carcinogenic substances (chemicals, toxins) also contribute to skin cancer risk.

• Early detection is crucial; skin cancers can appear small but may be more extensive beneath the surface.

Cancer Cell Characteristics

• Abnormal cells in biopsies may display:

  • Varied sizes and shapes.

  • Altered coloration (e.g., discolored, asymmetrical).

Types of Skin Cancer

1. Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)

• Most common type of skin cancer.

• Originates in the basal cells of the epidermis.

• Characteristics:

  • Appears raised with a crater-like center.

  • Generally caused by UV radiation.

  • Very low likelihood of metastasizing (spreading to other body parts).

• Treatment involves surgical removal, with emphasis on achieving clear margins (ensuring no cancer cells remain after removal).

2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)

• Second most common skin cancer.

• Originates in squamous cells found in the epidermis.

• Characteristics:

  • Ulcerated patches that may bleed; might have scaly, flaky surfaces.

  • More likely to metastasize than BCC but less than melanoma.

• Common in sun-exposed areas like the head and neck.

• Treated similarly to BCC; requires regular skin examinations for early detection.

3. Melanoma

• Most serious form of skin cancer due to high potential for metastasis.

• Develops from melanocytes (pigment cells).

• Characteristics:

  • Often begins as a mole; can grow arms into deeper skin layers.

  • ABCDE Rule for detection:

    • Asymmetry: irregular shape.

    • Border: uneven, jagged edges.

    • Color: varied colors (brown, black, pink).

    • Diameter: larger than 6mm (the size of a pencil eraser).

    • Evolving: any appearance changes warrant examination.

• Treatment includes early surgical removal; if diagnosed late, chemotherapy or irradiation may be necessary.

Case Study Insights

• Discussion about Lorice Cellulitis:

  • Original wound did not heal; prompted biopsy.

  • Identification of cancer cells leads to questions about expected cell abnormalities.

  • Anticipated findings in biopsy: Enlarged, oddly colored cells (mutated).

• Evaluation of Laura's condition suggests squamous cell carcinoma as the most likely diagnosis based on symptoms described.

Conclusion

• Regular monitoring of skin for unusual changes is essential for early detection of skin cancers.

• Consult a dermatologist with any concerns about skin abnormalities, regardless of your age.