Untitled Flashcards Set

WELWYN GARDEN CITY

• Architect: Ebenezer Howard

• Published the book Garden Cities of Tomorrow

• Organization of housing/ community

• Relationship between human settlement and natural environment

• No factories dominating the landscape – a path to reform modern society

• Circular Layout

  • Central park

  • Railways

  • Houses/gardens

  • Grand avenue

  • Markets

  • Crystal Palace

• Garden over city – the antithesis of suburbs

DEN- EN- CHOFU

• Architect: Eiichi Shibusawa

• Location: Tokyo, Japan

• Garden City

• One of the most elite suburbs in Japan – becomes a modern nation

• Plan is different from Howard’s – it is anchored around the railway station 

  • All boulevards terminate at the railway station (city center)

  • Howard’s plan had railways at the edges

  • Station looks like a Western House with a Masard roof and wide entryway

• City is connected with the land and with the city – greenbelt of farms around the city

• Always planned as a suburb, never planned that it would be a self- sufficient town

CAPE COD HOUSE/ LEVITTOWN

• Architect: Levitt & Sons

• Location: Levittown, NY

• The American Minimum House

• Scale of building developments were so vast (A builder who constructed more than 100 houses per year = large scale)

• Levittown: 17,450 houses are built

• 2 bedrooms, living room, kitchen = townhouses

• 800 square feet

• Houses are affordable and built very quickly

• Designers could produce the most efficient houses based on scientific analysis and study

• Prefabrication, assembly line

HOlC MAP OF SAVANNAH

• Location: Savannah, GA

• Black families have less than 1/6th the wealth of  white families in the US

• Wealth = total assets (home, savings, car)

• Percent of families who own their home: 

  • Black 45%

  • White 64%

• Federal government are explicitly pushing African Americans into urban housing projectsand refused to insure mortgages in and around African American neighborhoods (redlining)

• Government thought that property values of houses would “go down” if African Americans moved in all white neighborhoods

• Fair Housing Act: African Americans could now purchase a house wherever they wanted

NEW INDIA ASSURANCE BUILDING

• Architect: Master, Sathe and Bhuta

• Location: Mumbai India

• Art Deco is a name given to a world movement

• Bold and bright color schemes

• Functionalism and technology

• Embracing ornamentation

• Represented luxury and excess

EASTERN COLUMBIA BUILDING

• Architect: Claud Beelman

• Location: LA, CA

• Art Deco

• Deeply recessed bands of windows

• Emphasizing verticality

• Glossy glazed terracotta and gold terracotta

• Sculptural and exciting

• Wealth of motifs: suns, stylized plants/animal forms, integration of flower and plant like forms in sunburst motif

ATLANTIC GREYHOUND BUS TERMINAL

• Architect: George Dewey Brown

• Location: Savannah, GA

• Streamline Moderne

• Integrating architectural and vehicle designs

• Buses and terminals are streamlined

• Clad in greyhound blue enamel panels

• Rounded corners

• Curvilinear surfaces

• Emphasis on horizontality

• Asymmetrical composition emphasizes speed and movement

• Sign catches the attention of motorists

• Kitchen window: aluminum panels, rounded glass

• Has a modern feel even though it is over 100 years old

BIG DUCK

• Architect: Martin Maurer, George Reeves, William and Samuel Collins

• Location: Flanders, NY

• Duck: form explicitly represents the building’s function or purpose – communicating the building’s function without the need for additional signage.

• Sold ducks and duck eggs

• Huge! (20 feet high, 30 feet long, 15 feet wide)

• Compelled people to stop while they were driving

• Form follows function

RANDY'S DONUTS

• Architect: Richard Bradshaw

• Location: LA, CA

• Decorated Shed: buildings where the structure and function are separate from the applied ornamentation

• Generic structure with added sign/ added decor

PLAYBOY’S PENTHOUSE APARTMENT

• Playboy

• The Bachelor Pad

• Perched high above the city – ranch house placed on top of a building

• Open free flowing space

• Signature furnishings take precedence in designs

• Aspirational fantasies and catalogues

• Interiors are always linked to their furniture

• Domestic space is rendered masculine (“crisis of masculinity”)

• Technology heightens the masculinity

• Bachelor pads are a myth – very few were ever constructed

ISTIQLAL MOSQUE

• Architect: Frederich Silaban

• Location: Jakarta

• Intersection of traditional forms and the International Style

• Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in the world

• Courtyard spaces – original form of the prophet’s house

• Rectangular prayer hall

• Central spherical dome

• Minimalist, clean cut

• Focus on the exterior (specficially the marble)

  • Used for the floor

  • Red brick tile was also used

• Biggest mosque in Southeast Asia

• Balconies built into the edges of the mosque

• Meant to be the national mosque

• Dome is adorned with geometric patterns and the bottom of it has calligraphy

• 12 columns supporting the dome with fluted surfaces

• Traditional with a modern design

TAMAN MINI INDONESIA INDA (TMII)

• Architect: No single architect

• Location: Jakarta

• Tradition as a national spectacle

• Musuem / theme park

• Authentic features of Indonesia’s past

• Idealized symbolic space of the nation (recreational park)

• The building of the Museum of Indonesia was designed in traditional Balinese architecture

• Riau Province Pavillion

• Central Java Pavillion

• 5 religious buildings

RIAU PROVINCE PAVILION, TAMAN MINI INDONESIA

• Architect: No single architect

• Location: Jakarta

• Consists of a grand Malay house traditionally reserved as a sultanate palace

• Regional roof design

• Crossing edges that form an X

• Sharp bend in a river (reflected in the roof)

• Overhang helps with ventilation/rain

• Commoners’ house is a gable roof – more modest

• Lacelike sculptural carvings as roof trim

  • Ornament roofs and eves

HALL OF NATIONS

• Architect: Raj Rewal

• Location: India (demolished)

• Technologies as progress

• Large interrupted span, wide volumes

• Space frame and Jali inspired patterns on the glass

• Meant to attract large crowds but also display large options such as cars

• Reinforced concrete cement

• A typical joint in steel precast concrete and in situ concrete

  • Manual pouring

  • Much more cost effective resource effective building

• Weightless appearance

• Spiral staircase contrasts geometric aspects

• India’s fashion week was held here 

• Built a convention center to replace it

NATIONAL THEATRE

• Architect: Alfred H.K. Wong

• Location: Singapore

• Technologies and public participation

• Achievement of self- government

• Public funding and state funding

• Commitment to building institutions of their new nation (the people’s theatre)

• First designed as an open air theatre

• Culturally advanced and affirming their commitment to the idea of a new nation

• Dollar a Brick Campaign – went towards the building

• Cantilevered roof over the large open - air seating area

• Declared structurally unsound – moved to a different building

• Original is demolished

SAYNATSALO TOWN HALL

• Architect: Alvar Aalto

• Location: Finland

• Critical Regionalism

• Center of a small farming town

• Traditional European model

• Merging of many styles

• Very tactile

• Modernity with uniqueness of place

  • Avoids simplistic revivals 

  • Suggests instead, quality of light, topography, etc. 

LANDSCAPING OF THE ACROPOLIS AND PHILOPAPPOS HILLS

• Architect: Dimhris Pikionis

• Location: Athens

• Sensitive and meticulous

• Contemporary vernacular construction

• New and timeless but very linked

• Paved road in two directions, ont to Acropolis one to the hill. 

• 80,000 square meters 

• 3rd Helenistic Civilization (movement)

TASLIK COFFEE HOUSE

• Architect: Eldem

• Locatino: Instanbul

• Modular and functional

• Traditional turkish home

FRY AND DREW, WESLEY GIRLS' SCHOOL CARE COAST, GHANA

• Architect: Fry and Drew

• Location: Cape Coast, Ghana

• Each school is supposed to be different and respond to local conditions

• Approached along a winding road

  • Along the road are staff quarters for teachers, ceremonial entrance gateway, large parade ground down the center flanked on either side by classrooms leading to a main chapel or assembly

  • Different housing types provided for British and African teachers – reinforced racial prejudices.

JANE DREW, VILLAGE HOUSING IN THE TROPICS

• Bestselling book

• The hot and humid zones in these manuals are treated as homogenous with just a focus on climate

• Develop a shared language of architecture

• Key features:

  • Cross ventilation: one room deep; keep building spread out

  • Small south facing facade: orient building on an East/ West axis if possible

  • Brise soleil: shield the facade with sun blockers/ louvres

  • Overhanging eaves/ verandahs

  • Channel water off the roof and away from the walls quickly during Monsoons/ heavy rains

  • Not invented by British architects, but reported on with data

LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF IBADAN

• Architect: Fry and Drew

• Location: Ibadan, Nigeria

• Locating the university in Ibadan is a symbolic gesture

• The quadrangle planning of European universities is extensively used here as are dining halls

• The library is the highlight of the campus

  • Delicate concrete screens for shade

• Buildings are very spread out so as to not block windflow

• The master plan of the university is inspired by the University College of the West Indies

• Influences from St. Mark’s Square in Venice

• Could be compared to Chandigrah

NEW GOURNA

• Architect: Hassan Fathy

• Location: Egypt

• Simple forms that have the stylistic character of older forms

• Sustainable

• Modern aesthetic that focuses on process/ materials

• Accessible Egyptian architectural vocabulary

• Organization of the village combined residential areas with public areas

• The homes and structures were primarily earth based

LIBRARY OF MUYINGA 

• Architect: BC Architects

• Location Burundi

• 2 months of fieldwork to study traditional buildings/ building processes

• Insight into local materials, building techniques

• Readapted, updated traditional techniques

• Children’s library for deaf children

  • Sense of community and belonging

• Worked with local artisans/ local craftspeople

• Some parallels to tropical architecture

• Climate conditions concerns

• Perforations for ventilation

• Sissel rope hammock (kid’s area)

• Local materials

  • Clay for roof and floor tile

  • Eucalyptus wood

• Responding to vernacular designs in Africa

HOUSE OF TOMORROW

• Architect: George Fred Keck

• Location: Chicago Expo

• The Solar House

• Used to reference construction of homes

• Keck designed mechanical systems, floorplans, then it’s exterior (inside out)

• America’s first glass house

• Circular (12 sided)

• Glass and steel construction

• Main living area was on the second floor

  • Master bedroom, bathroom, children’s bedroom, kitchen (first home dishwasher), living/dining, roof terrace

• Electronically controlled doors

• Personal airplan hangar

• Radiant heating from the sun

  • Insulated glass window

• The rise of glass houses

  • Large south facing windows

  • Recycled cool air

• Prone to overheating

BATESON BUILDING

• Architect: Sim Van der Ryn

• Location: Sacramento, CA

• Designed by state architect

• Ecological sustainable architecture

• The first large scale building to embody sustainable architecture

• “Trash can do it” (recylced materials)

• Goal of the building is to reduce energy consumption and revive social concerns

• Exposed concrete frame

• Painted wood, windows, shading devices

• Saffron color

• Interior atrium

  • 150 by 144 feet

  • Enormous clearstory windows

  • Skylights

  • It’s own cooling device

• Banner screen bounce sunlight in the space during winter

• Fans destratify

  • Cool air is drawn down air shafts and hot air is purged through the skylight

• Rock bed beneath the atrium floor holds in all the heat energy and releases at will

• Use of sun shades

  • During summer

  • Saffron color 

  • Striking, bustle, kinetic energy (movement)

KALANG RIVER AT MO KIO BISHAN PARK

• Architect: Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl

• Location: Singapore

• Biophilic city

• Park upgrade

• Integrates seamlessly into the park and surrounding neighorhoods

• Naturalized waterway (first in Singapore)

• Designed based on monsoon and storm events

  • Channel capacity has been expanded by 40%

• River meanders

  • Varying widths

  • Reflects the natural

• Introduced a new typology of public space

  • River platforms

  • 3 new bridges

  • Water playground

• Features enable users to connect to the river (responsibility for their environment)

• Ecological social infrastructure

• Flood management, biodiversity, recreation, fresh water combined